water storage capacity
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2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 3635
Author(s):  
Flávio Alves Sousa ◽  
Hildeu Ferreira Da Assunção

O estudo avalia a capacidade de armazenamento de água dos solos (CAD), utiliza como objeto de avaliação os latossolos da alta bacia do ribeirão Santo Antônio no município de Iporá-Goiás. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a dinâmica da água da chuva na manutenção do fluxo de água na bacia. Utilizou de dados de umidade dos solos em período de déficit hídrico e de excedente para comparar o comportamento dos solos na retenção de água e na permeabilidade. Utilizou a metodologia padrão na definição do CAD, porém com ajustes específicos na obtenção da umidade e na capacidade de campo (CC) e no ponto de murcha permanente PMP, que aqui foi denominado de ponto de menor umidade residual (PMUR). Informações como dados de chuva do período, balanço hídrico climatológico no período analisado (maio de 2018 a abril de 2019) e valores de vazão obtidos mensalmente no exutório durante o período de referência fizeram parte da análise. Um total de 43,5% da água disponibilizada pela chuva escoam superficialmente, 9,5% escoam em subsuperfície, 47% da água infiltra e/ou permanece retida nos solos. Os solos apresentaram boa drenagem e, cerca de 42% da água das chuvas garantem a perenidade da bacia.    Soil Water Storage Capacity (AWSC) and Physical Characteristics of Soils in the Evaluation of Rainwater Distribution in the High Basin of  Santo Antônio Stream.  A B S T R A C T         The study evaluates the water storage capacity of soils (AWSC). It use like object of evaluation the oxissoils located at the high Santo Antônio basin. The objective of the study was to evaluate the dynamics of rainwater in maintaining the flow of water in the basin through laboratory evaluations, in addition to testing a new methodology to define the destinations of the water that reached the surface. Was used soil moisture data in a period of water deficit and surplus to compare the behavior of soils in water retention and permeability. It used the standard methodology in the definition of the AWSC but with specific adjustments in obtaining the humidity and in the field capacity (FC) and in the permanent wilting point PWP, which here was called the point of lowest residual moisture (PLRM). Information such as rainfall data for the period, climatological water balance in the period analyzed (May 2018 to April 2019) and flow values obtained monthly in the exutory during the reference period were part of the analysis. A total of 43.5% of the water provided by the rain run off superficially, 9.5% seeps in subsurface, 47% of the water seeps and / or remains trapped in the soil. The soils had good drainage and about 42% of the rainwater guarantees the basin's perpetuity.   Keywords: AWSC. Permeability. Moisture. Storage.


Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1516
Author(s):  
Baoyang Yu ◽  
Zongguang Sun ◽  
Lin Qi

Dust, sediment, and stone chips often block the rainwater-infiltration paths of permeable pavements, which, in conjunction with vehicle load, reduces drainage capacity. To restore this capacity, a reasonable maintenance time and suitable maintenance measures must be determined. Therefore, we investigated the void attenuation and decline in drainage capacity of permeable asphalt pavements under the combined action of dust blockage and vehicle load. First, the water seepage coefficient decay and the decay rate under blocking and compaction were determined via clogging and compaction experiments. Second, experimental data were incorporated into an entropy–analytic hierarchy process analysis model, with the gross domestic product ratio, wind scale, and maximum five-year rainfall for the area. Finally, three test roads were studied as the weight to rank the maintenance urgency and predict the maintenance timing for each road under different rainfall conditions. The results demonstrate that the drainage capacity of permeable pavements obeys the parabolic exponential attenuation law. From the findings regarding road water storage capacity, the latest pavement maintenance time at different rainfall levels were obtained. This predicted maintenance time enables better decisions than regular time on code, which is the effect of drainage caused by multiple factors.


Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1674
Author(s):  
Anna Ilek ◽  
Małgorzata Szostek ◽  
Anna Mikołajczyk ◽  
Marta Rajtar

During the last decade, tree species mixing has been widely supported as a silvicultural approach to reduce drought stress. However, little is known on the influence of tree species mixing on physical properties and the water storage capacity of forest soils (including the forest floor). Thus, the study aimed to analyze the effect of mixing pine needles and oak leaves and mixing fir needles and beech leaves on hydro-physical properties of the litter layer during laboratory tests. We used fir-beech and pine-oak litter containing various shares of conifer needles (i.e., 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100%) to determine the influence of the needle admixture on bulk density, total porosity, macroporosity, water storage capacity, the amount of water stored in pores between organic debris and the degree of saturation of mixed litter compared to broadleaf litter (oak or beech). We found that the admixture of fir needles increased the bulk density of litter from 7.9% with a 5% share of needles to 55.5% with a 50% share (compared to pure beech litter), while the share of pine needles < 40% caused a decrease in bulk density by an average of 3.0–11.0% (compared to pure oak litter). Pine needles decreased the water storage capacity of litter by about 13–14% with the share of needles up to 10% and on average by 28% with the 40 and 50% shares of pine needles in the litter layer. Both conifer admixtures reduced the amount of water stored in the pores between organic debris (pine needles more than fir needles).


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 4741
Author(s):  
Vivek Agarwal ◽  
Amit Kumar ◽  
David Gee ◽  
Stephen Grebby ◽  
Rachel L. Gomes ◽  
...  

Groundwater variation can cause land-surface movement, which in turn can cause significant and recurrent harm to infrastructure and the water storage capacity of aquifers. The capital cities in the England (London) and India (Delhi) are witnessing an ever-increasing population that has resulted in excess pressure on groundwater resources. Thus, monitoring groundwater-induced land movement in both these cities is very important in terms of understanding the risk posed to assets. Here, Sentinel-1 C-band radar images and the persistent scatterer interferometric synthetic aperture radar (PSInSAR) methodology are used to study land movement for London and National Capital Territory (NCT)-Delhi from October 2016 to December 2020. The land movement velocities were found to vary between −24 and +24 mm/year for London and between −18 and +30 mm/year for NCT-Delhi. This land movement was compared with observed groundwater levels, and spatio-temporal variation of groundwater and land movement was studied in conjunction. It was broadly observed that the extraction of a large quantity of groundwater leads to land subsidence, whereas groundwater recharge leads to uplift. A mathematical model was used to quantify land subsidence/uplift which occurred due to groundwater depletion/rebound. This is the first study that compares C-band PSInSAR-derived land subsidence response to observed groundwater change for London and NCT-Delhi during this time-period. The results of this study could be helpful to examine the potential implications of ground-level movement on the resource management, safety, and economics of both these cities.


2021 ◽  
pp. 993-1002
Author(s):  
Yang Wei ◽  
Nan Lu ◽  
Bo Yan ◽  
Gang Li

The feasibility of mixing fly ash to sandy soil to build the artificial plow pan of paddy soil in the Yellow River beach was explored. Water infiltration characteristics, saturated hydraulic conductivity, saturated water content and water storage capacity of the artificial plow pan were measured by using laboratory column tests. The results showed that under the same bulk density, when the amount of fly ash increased, the movement rate of the plow pan wetting front, the infiltration rate and the saturated hydraulic conductivity were decreased, then the water content and water storage of the soil layer increased. When the application amount of the fly ash was the same, and when the compaction weight decreased, the wetting front movement rate and saturated hydraulic conductivity increased and the soil water content and water storage capacity decreased. Mixing of fly ash with sand at a ratio of 1:3 (by weight) was found to be ideal for making an artificial of plow pan having bulk density of 1.7 g/cm3. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(3): 993-1002, 2021 (September) Special  


Author(s):  
Valentin Brice Ebodé ◽  
Gil Mahé ◽  
Ernest Amoussou

Abstract. La sécheresse observée en Afrique tropicale vers la fin des années 1960, a également affecté le bassin de la Bénoué en Afrique centrale, avec une persistance remarquable qui s'est répercutée sur les écoulements. Les ruptures à la baisse ont été mises en évidence dans les séries hydropluviométriques de ce bassin au pas de temps annuel en 1970–1971 (pluies) et 1971–1972 (débits). Les déficits associés à cette rupture sont de -2,9 % pour les pluies et -14,2 % pour les débits, par rapport à la moyenne climatologique (1950–1951 à 2014–2015). La saison humide a connu des évolutions pratiquement identiques. Cependant, depuis la décennie 1990, il est observé un relèvement significatif dans les écoulements moyens annuels de ce cours d'eau, et cela coïncide avec le retour des pluies. Le maintien de cette hausse au cours des récentes décennies pourrait être envisagé en raison de l'accroissement des espaces imperméabilisés dans le bassin, qui compenseraient le déficit engendré par la rechute des pluies après la décennie 1990 via une accentuation du ruissèlement. De plus, depuis la mise en eau du barrage de Lagdo en 1983, il est observé non seulement une augmentation de l'ensemble des gammes de débits minima suivant des taux allant de +57,8 % (minimum sur 1 jour) à +70,1 % (minimum sur 90 jours), mais aussi un accroissement général de la variabilité de l'ensemble des débits extrêmes (minima et maxima). L'augmentation progressive du stockage en saison de pluies à la retenue de Lagdo, pour fournir l'électricité et l'eau d'irrigation durant la saison sèche à une population grandissante, rendent imperceptibles les effets de l'accroissement des espaces imperméabilisés non seulement sur les écoulements de la saison humide, mais aussi sur les écoulements maxima. Au demeurant, l'opérationnalisation du barrage de Lagdo a eu un impact significatif sur le régime de la Bénoué, se traduisant essentiellement par le caractère désormais permanent de l'écoulement tout au long de l'année hydrologique et un important fléchissement de la crue d'août à octobre. Abstract. A tendency to drought conditions appeared in tropical Africa from the end of 1960s, also affect the Benoue watershed in central Africa, with a remarkable persistence in streamflow. Negative breakpoints are found in the annual hydroclimatic time series of the Benoue catchment at annual time step in 1970–1971 for rainfall, and in 1971–1972 for discharges. Compared to the climatological mean (1950–1951 to 2014–2015), the deficits associated with these negative breakpoints are approximating −2.9 % for rainfall, and −14.2 % for discharges. The wet season shows similar developments. However, from the 1990s, there has been a significant increase in the mean annual discharges of the Benoue River, which coincides with that of the rainfall during the same decade. The maintenance of this increase over the recent decades could also be expected in response to an increase in impervious surface areas (ISA) in the catchment area, which could compensate the deficit generated by the post-1990s rainfall deficit through increasing in runoff. From the watering of the Lagdo dam in 1983, an increase in all ranges of minimum flow, ranging from +57.8 % (1 d minimum) to +70.1 % (90 d minimum), as well as an increase in the variability of extreme flows (minima and maxima), has been detected. During the wet season, the increase in water storage capacity at the Lagdo reservoir, which is used to provide electricity and irrigation water to a growing population, mitigates the increase in runoff, especially in maximum runoff. Moreover, the operationalization of the Lagdo dam has a significant impact on the Benoue hydrological regime, resulting mainly in a new perennial nature of the flow, and a significant decrease in flood from August to October.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
John Ballinger

<p>Small scale field studies from around the world have shown that agricultural land management has a significant effect on the timing and magnitude of flood peaks. One land management technique called ‘soft’ engineering utilises strategically planted trees, wetlands, and other natural buffers to temporarily store flood water in upland catchments. This helps mitigate lowland flooding by delaying the release of water into the river system which dampens the peaky response and therefore reduces the pressure on urban areas downstream. With these issues in mind, this MSc thesis examines the landscape benefits arising from both existing and optimally located natural buffers within the Hawkes Bay region of New Zealand, quantifying their capacity to mitigate flooding under varying soil and climatic conditions through; a) Collating existing data and knowledge; b) Collecting further targeted data on buffer impacts; and c) Using this data to inform and apply a flood mitigation model to examine options for buffer placement and simulate flow response times under different land management scenarios. The ability of any model to make practical predictions is largely dependent on the quality of data input. This research established that the nationally available 25m Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are not suitable for detailed hydrological modelling at the farm scale. A 10m DEM was the coarsest resolution considered appropriate. In addition, the nationally available soil information while generally appropriate benefited from moderate “ground truthing” to better represent the soils “true” hydraulic properties. Further targeted data relating to the influence of trees on soil infiltration and storage capacity was collected. Measurements of hydraulic conductivity found that soil under individual populous spp. trees and a Cupresses macrocarpa shelterbelt were 3.1 and 5.5 times as conductive respectively as soil under pasture at 10m from the trees. The soil was also less compacted near the trees when the livestock were excluded. This improved the structure and thus water storage capacity of soil. These results informed the buffer assumptions when simulating rainfall-runoff under the different land management scenarios. The modelling results suggest that the capacity of natural buffers to reduce quickflow is strongly influenced by soil antecedent conditions. Under very wet soil conditions the buffers had little extra capacity to store water when subjected to large rainfall events. In drier soil conditions large rainfall events were absorbed by the buffers with considerable reductions in quickflow. This suggests that buffers occupying a relatively small amount of land but sited in areas of high flow accumulation could prove very effective at mitigating intense rainfall, especially in drier summer months e.g. sub-tropical storms. Although the results from the modelling are speculative, the outcome is never the less encouraging. Results from both the model simulations and field measurements of hydraulic conductivity suggest that strategically placed ponds and small scale planting can be used to improve the infiltration and water storage capacity of extensive areas of grazed pasture. This will likely reduce runoff and erosion rates and thereby improve stream water quality and farm productivity at both the farm and wider catchment scale. Considering that flooding is the most frequent and costly natural hazard worldwide, natural buffers with their low maintenance costs and recognized ecosystem co-benefits could offer a cost effective and sustainable solution as part of future flood management planning.</p>


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12519
Author(s):  
Sven Schwerdt ◽  
Dominik Mirschel ◽  
Tobias Hildebrandt ◽  
Max Wilke ◽  
Petra Schneider

The feasibility of substitute building materials (SBMs) in engineering applications was investigated within the project. A geogrid-reinforced soil structure (GRSS) was built using SBM as the fill material as well as vegetated soil for facing and on top of the construction. Four different SBMs were used as fill material, namely blast furnace slag (BFS), electric furnace slag (EFS), track ballast (TB), and recycled concrete (RC). For the vegetated soil facing, a mixture of either recycled brick (RB) material or crushed lightweight concrete (LC) mixed with organic soil was used. The soil mechanical and chemical parameters for all materials were determined and assessed. In the next step, a GRSS was built as a pilot application consisting of three geogrid layers with a total height of 1.5 m and a slope angle of 60°. The results of the soil mechanical tests indicate that the used fill materials are similar or even better than primary materials, such as gravel. The results of the chemical tests show that some materials are qualified to be used in engineering constructions without or with minor restrictions. Other materials need a special sealing layer to prevent the material from leakage. The vegetation on the mixed SBM material grew successfully. Several ruderal and pioneer plants could be found even in the first year of the construction. The porous material (RB and LC) provide additional water storage capacity for plants especially during summer and/or heat periods. With regard to the results of the chemical analyses of the greening layers, they are usable under restricted conditions. Here special treatment is necessary. Finally, it can be stated that SBMs are feasible in GRSS, particularly as fill material but also as a mixture for the greenable soil.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
John Ballinger

<p>Small scale field studies from around the world have shown that agricultural land management has a significant effect on the timing and magnitude of flood peaks. One land management technique called ‘soft’ engineering utilises strategically planted trees, wetlands, and other natural buffers to temporarily store flood water in upland catchments. This helps mitigate lowland flooding by delaying the release of water into the river system which dampens the peaky response and therefore reduces the pressure on urban areas downstream. With these issues in mind, this MSc thesis examines the landscape benefits arising from both existing and optimally located natural buffers within the Hawkes Bay region of New Zealand, quantifying their capacity to mitigate flooding under varying soil and climatic conditions through; a) Collating existing data and knowledge; b) Collecting further targeted data on buffer impacts; and c) Using this data to inform and apply a flood mitigation model to examine options for buffer placement and simulate flow response times under different land management scenarios. The ability of any model to make practical predictions is largely dependent on the quality of data input. This research established that the nationally available 25m Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are not suitable for detailed hydrological modelling at the farm scale. A 10m DEM was the coarsest resolution considered appropriate. In addition, the nationally available soil information while generally appropriate benefited from moderate “ground truthing” to better represent the soils “true” hydraulic properties. Further targeted data relating to the influence of trees on soil infiltration and storage capacity was collected. Measurements of hydraulic conductivity found that soil under individual populous spp. trees and a Cupresses macrocarpa shelterbelt were 3.1 and 5.5 times as conductive respectively as soil under pasture at 10m from the trees. The soil was also less compacted near the trees when the livestock were excluded. This improved the structure and thus water storage capacity of soil. These results informed the buffer assumptions when simulating rainfall-runoff under the different land management scenarios. The modelling results suggest that the capacity of natural buffers to reduce quickflow is strongly influenced by soil antecedent conditions. Under very wet soil conditions the buffers had little extra capacity to store water when subjected to large rainfall events. In drier soil conditions large rainfall events were absorbed by the buffers with considerable reductions in quickflow. This suggests that buffers occupying a relatively small amount of land but sited in areas of high flow accumulation could prove very effective at mitigating intense rainfall, especially in drier summer months e.g. sub-tropical storms. Although the results from the modelling are speculative, the outcome is never the less encouraging. Results from both the model simulations and field measurements of hydraulic conductivity suggest that strategically placed ponds and small scale planting can be used to improve the infiltration and water storage capacity of extensive areas of grazed pasture. This will likely reduce runoff and erosion rates and thereby improve stream water quality and farm productivity at both the farm and wider catchment scale. Considering that flooding is the most frequent and costly natural hazard worldwide, natural buffers with their low maintenance costs and recognized ecosystem co-benefits could offer a cost effective and sustainable solution as part of future flood management planning.</p>


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