Annual Arctic Wolf Pack Size Related to Arctic Hare Numbers

ObjectiveAt least four varieties of little filtered cigars (LFCs) violate the US prohibition on flavoured cigarettes other than menthol. This study characterises the sales of prohibited products and other LFCs by flavour category and pack size, as well as the price of LFCs relative to cigarettes.MethodsUsing retail sales data for 2016, we computed the sales volume in dollars and equivalent units and the percentage of total sales by flavour and pack size for the USA by region and state. Paired t-tests compared the prices for LFCs and cigarettes sold in same-sized packs and cartons.ResultsLFC sales totalled 24 033 equivalent units per 100 000 persons in 2016. Flavoured LFC varieties accounted for almost half (47.5%) of the total sales. LFCs were sold in 12 different pack sizes, but 79.7% of sales were packs of 20. The price of 20-packs averaged $2.41 (SD=$1.49), which was significantly less than cigarettes (M=$5.90, SD=$0.85). Regional differences suggest a greater proportion of menthol/mint LFCs and lower prices in the South than in other regions.ConclusionClassifying all LFCs as cigarettes would require that they be offered in a minimum package of 20, eliminate flavoured varieties other than menthol and increase prices through applicable state and local cigarette taxes.

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Pack Size of Wolves, Canis lupus, on Caribou, Rangifer tarandus, Winter Ranges in Westcentral Alberta

The Canadian Field-Naturalist ◽

10.22621/cfn.v120i3.321 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 120 (3) ◽

pp. 313 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Gerald W. Kuzyk ◽

Jeff Kneteman ◽

Fiona K. A. Schmiegelow

Keyword(s):

Canis Lupus ◽

Landscape Change ◽

Rangifer Tarandus ◽

Prey Size ◽

Rocky Mountain ◽

Predation Pressure ◽

Resource Extraction ◽

Rangifer Tarandus Caribou ◽

Pack Size ◽

Wolf Predation

We studied pack size of Wolves (Canis lupus) on Woodland Caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) winter ranges in westcentral Alberta. These Caribou winter ranges are experiencing increasing pressure from resource extraction industries (forestry, energy sector) and concerns have been raised regarding increased Wolf predation pressure on Caribou in conjunction with landscape change. Thirty-one Wolves, from eight Wolf packs, were fitted with radiocollars on two Caribou winter ranges in the Rocky Mountain foothills, near Grande Cache, Alberta (2000-2001). There was a mean of 8.2 Wolves/pack and between 30 and 39 Wolves on each of the RedRock/Prairie Creek and Little Smoky Caribou ranges. The average pack size of Wolves in this region does not appear to have increased over that recorded historically, but the range (5-18) in the number of Wolves per pack varied considerably over our study area. Wolves preyed predominately on Moose (Alces alces), averaging one Moose kill every three to five days. There was some indication that pack size was related to prey size, with the smallest pack preying on Deer (Odocoileus spp.). It was clear that Caribou could not be the primary prey for Wolves, due to their low numbers, and relative to the pack size and Wolf kills we observed.

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Effect of UK plain tobacco packaging and minimum pack size legislation on tobacco and nicotine product switching behaviour

Addiction ◽

10.1111/add.15050 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 115 (10) ◽

pp. 1913-1923

Author(s):

Magdalena Opazo Breton ◽

John Britton ◽

Ilze Bogdanovica

Keyword(s):

Pack Size ◽

Switching Behaviour ◽

Product Switching ◽

Tobacco Packaging

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Pack size and wolf pup survival: their relationship under varying ecological conditions

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology ◽

10.1007/bf00295072 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 19-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

Fred H. Harrington ◽

L. David Mech ◽

Steven H. Fritts

Keyword(s):

Pack Size ◽

Ecological Conditions ◽

Pup Survival

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Notes on the Arctic Hare

Journal of Mammalogy ◽

10.2307/1375358 ◽

1947 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 353 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lawrence H. Walkinshaw

Keyword(s):

The Arctic ◽

Arctic Hare

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Pack size and paracetamol overdose: 16 years later

Clinical Toxicology ◽

10.3109/15563650.2014.952432 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 52 (8) ◽

pp. 821-823 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

D. Nicholas Bateman

Keyword(s):

Paracetamol Overdose ◽

Pack Size

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Social organization, spatial distribution, and population density of wolves in relation to moose density

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z85-160 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 63 (5) ◽

pp. 1068-1077 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

François Messier

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Population Density ◽

Social Organization ◽

Prey Density ◽

Territory Size ◽

Wolf Population ◽

Pack Size ◽

Behavioral Attributes ◽

Density Threshold

This 4-year study compared population density and related behavioral attributes of wolves (14 packs) at two different moose densities: 0.23 (LP, low prey density), and 0.37 (HP, high prey density) moose∙km−2. Wolf densities in January averaged 0.8 and 1.4 animals∙100 km−2, packs consisted of 3.7 and 5.7 individuals, year-long territory sizes were 255 and 390 km2, and interstices between territories represented 30 and [Formula: see text] of available area, for the LP and HP areas, respectively. Territory size increased significantly with pack size. The LP wolf population suffered from a higher mortality rate owing to a higher occurrence of deaths from malnutrition and intraspecific strife, and from a lower success in producing pups (61% of the possible occasions, compared with 93% in HP). When no other ungulate species is present, a density of 0.2 moose∙km−2 would approximate the density threshold below which a pack could not subsist and (or) reproduce successfully. The study reveals that naturally regulated moose–wolf systems may stabilize at low prey and low predator densities.

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