Certification of Unmanned Aircraft Systems – from product safety to type certificate – a review about the operation of the EU safeguard processes

Unmanned Aircraft ◽

Product Safety ◽

Market Surveillance ◽

Aircraft Systems ◽

Safety Risks ◽

Design And Manufacturing ◽

The Eu

Significant changes are emerging in the market of unmanned aircraft systems since 2019 through the publication of two specific regulations that regulate all steps of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in detail. With the implementation of the new EU drone regulations, the role of the notified bodies and the certification agencies will be more important from the viewpoint of product safety and the official certification required by the EU and national aviation authorities. The product safety chain consists of two major parts. One part belongs to the production phase, where the manufacturer has to prove the functionality (it is called the conformity assessment) and another part belongs to the distribution market, where the authorities assess the fulfilment of the conditions of the distribution (it is called the market surveillance). The first pillar concern to the design and manufacturing and the second to the distribution. Each segment is presented in this article and the authors introduce the different control approaches of these segments. It has to be taken into consideration that the drones are representing a special market with notable safety risks that have to be handled during the whole lifepath of the products from the design through the distribution until the aerial operations.

Civil unmanned aircraft systems and security: The European approach

Journal of Transportation Security ◽

10.1007/s12198-019-00203-0 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (3-4) ◽

pp. 83-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mikko Huttunen

Keyword(s):

National Security ◽

Power Plants ◽

Unmanned Aircraft ◽

Security Threats ◽

Aircraft Systems ◽

European Approach ◽

Unlawful Interference ◽

Security Gap ◽

The Eu

Abstract Civil unmanned aircraft systems, commonly known as drones, have many useful applications but can also be used to intentionally cause harm. Additionally, drones themselves can be subject to unlawful interference. In this article, I analyze how European Union’s new rules on drones affect such security threats. I argue that the rules on protecting drones from unlawful interference are promising, although the required security features can also be abused by rogue operators. The intentional misuse of drones, however, is not much deterred by the rules that seek to protect persons and property from such misuse. Rules concerning the operator and the pilot assume compliance, the mandatory technical safeguards can be circumvented, and oversight is difficult because drones are mostly operated from outside airports in a distributed manner. One way to fill the security gap is to employ anti-drone technology that detects drones and prevents them from entering sensitive airspace without permission. Although many airports have already adopted such technology, the EU should consider making it mandatory for the busiest airports. Regardless of rules enacted by the Union, though, reliable and safe means of stopping unlawful drone operations should be employed at critical locations. This applies also to areas like prisons and power plants, the protection of which falls within the ambit of national security.

Проблеми створення, випробування, застосування та експлуатації складних інформаційних систем ◽

PARADIGM OF RESISTANCE TO INTELLIGENCE AND IMPACT UNLIMITED AIRCRAFT COMPLEXES

10.46972/2076-1546.2020.18.08 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 73-90

Author(s):

D. A. Ishchenco ◽

V. A. Kyryliuk ◽

S. D. Ishchenco ◽

L. M. Maryshchuk

Keyword(s):

Subject Area ◽

Unmanned Vehicles ◽

Unmanned Aircraft ◽

Unmanned Aerial Systems ◽

Military Equipment ◽

Aircraft Systems ◽

Aerial Vehicles ◽

Aerial Systems

The work shows the relevance of the problem of countering reconnaissance and strike unmanned aircraft systems and the need to improve the scientific and methodological support of its solution according to a certain corresponding paradigm. In the work as a paradigm of countering unmanned aerial systems, it is proposed to consider a conceptual theoretical and methodological model of combating unmanned aerial vehicles, which currently provides opportunities for identifying the problems of developing forces and means of countering unmanned aerial systems. The developed paradigm of counteraction can be an element of scientific and methodological support, contributes to the solution of the problem of the complex use of forces and means of counteraction to reconnaissance and strike unmanned aircraft systems in order to acquire the capabilities of troops (forces) to perform tasks as intended in the conditions of the use of unmanned vehicles. The recognition of such a paradigm by specialists determines that their activities are based on the accepted model of countering unmanned aircraft systems, using the same rules and standards established in the industry. The generality and consistency of approaches that they provide are prerequisites for ensuring the required scientific level of a certain direction of research. The proposed approach outlines the tasks, content, components, principles of assessment of means of counteraction to unmanned aerial vehicles by contributing to the effectiveness of the system of protection of the object from reconnaissance and strike (shock) systems of the enemy, which systematizes knowledge in the subject area. problems of modern armed struggle. The prospect of further research is to clarify the mathematical calculations in accordance with the characteristics of troops (forces), military facility, protection system against reconnaissance and strike (strike) unmanned aerial vehicles of the enemy and samples of military equipment that are part of it.

THE USE OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES AND UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS IN THE INTERESTS OF LOGISTICS OF TROOPS (FORCES): EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS

National Association of Scientists ◽

10.31618/nas.2413-5291.2021.2.66.409 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (66) ◽

pp. 9-14

Author(s):

I. Zvonkovich ◽

D. Bogdanov

Keyword(s):

Unmanned Aircraft ◽

Aircraft Systems ◽

Aerial Vehicles

The article considers the existing experience of using and identifies promising areas of application of unmanned aerial vehicles and unmanned aircraft systems in the interests of material and technical (rear) support of troops (forces). The analysis is focused on the performance of tasks by troops (forces) in wartime.

Typology and anatomy of drones

10.1093/oso/9780198787617.003.0002 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Serge A. Wich ◽

Lian Pin Koh

Keyword(s):

Power Source ◽

Unmanned Aircraft ◽

Ground Control ◽

Aircraft Systems ◽

Essential Components ◽

Ground Control Station ◽

Remotely Piloted Aircraft ◽

Pros And Cons

In this chapter we discuss the typology of drones that are currently being used for different kinds of environmental and conservation applications. Drones are also commonly known variously as Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), and Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS). We focus on the most popular aircraft types including multirotor (of various configurations), fixed wing, and hybrid ‘vertical-take-off-and-landing’ (VTOL) craft, and briefly discuss the relative pros and cons of each type. We also broadly discuss the essential components common to all remotely piloted aircraft systems, including the power source, flight controller (or autopilot), and ground control station.

The Governance of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS): Aviation Law, Human Rights, and the Free Movement of Data in the EU

Minds and Machines ◽

10.1007/s11023-020-09541-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 439-455

Author(s):

Ugo Pagallo ◽

Eleonora Bassi

Keyword(s):

Unmanned Aircraft ◽

Civil Aviation ◽

Aircraft Systems ◽

Regulatory Systems ◽

The Us ◽

General Data ◽

Set Up ◽

Self Driving Cars ◽

The Eu

Abstract The paper deals with the governance of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in European law. Three different kinds of balance have been struck between multiple regulatory systems, in accordance with the sector of the governance of UAS which is taken into account. The first model regards the field of civil aviation law and its European Union (EU)’s regulation: the model looks like a traditional mix of top-down regulation and soft law. The second model concerns the EU general data protection law, the GDPR, which has set up a co-regulatory framework summed up with the principle of accountability also, but not only, in the field of drones. The third model of governance has been adopted by the EU through methods of legal experimentation and coordination mechanisms for UAS. The overall aim of the paper is to elucidate the ways in which such three models interact, insisting on differences and similarities with other technologies (e.g. self-driving cars), and further legal systems (e.g. the US).

ALGORITHM FOR PRECISE LANDING OF MULTIROTOR UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS AT AN AUTONOMOUS CHARGING STATION

the System analysis and logistics ◽

10.31799/2077-5687-2021-4-3-10 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (30) ◽

pp. 3-10

Author(s):

E. A. Voznesenskii ◽

Keyword(s):

Block Diagram ◽

Unmanned Aircraft ◽

Night Vision ◽

Charging Station ◽

Aircraft Systems ◽

Aerial Vehicles ◽

Recognition Result ◽

Position And Orientation

In this article, we propose an algorithm for accurately landing multirotor (quadcopters, hexacopters, etc.) unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) at an autonomous charging station. This article also presents methods for locating the charging station and landing the UAV at night. Section 1 describes the general sequential landing procedures. Section 2 describes methods for detecting the ArUco marker and evaluating its position and orientation using the OpenCV computer vision library and shows the recognition result. In section 3, the precise landing algorithm is analyzed in detail, and a block diagram of the algorithm is given. Section 4 discusses the integration of the night vision camera into the landing algorithm.

Instructions on the Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)

EDIS ◽

10.32473/edis-ae527-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Sri Charan Kakarla ◽

Yiannis Ampatzidis

Keyword(s):

Federal Aviation Administration ◽

The United States ◽

Public Law ◽

Unmanned Aircraft ◽

Appropriate Use ◽

State Laws ◽

Aircraft Systems ◽

Commercial Activities

The purpose of this document is to provide guidance on the appropriate use of Unmanned Aircraft Vehicles (UAV) or Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in the State of Florida. All research and commercial activities involving the use of UAVs shall be conducted in compliance with applicable federal and state laws, statutes, and regulations. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has jurisdiction over all navigable airspace in the United States. All aircraft, whether manned or unmanned, are subject to FAA rules and regulations and violations carry severe federal penalties. The FAA allows small (under 55 pounds) unmanned aircraft operated solely for hobby and recreational purposes to be flown under the rules and restrictions outlined in Section 336 of the FAA Modernization and Reform act of 2012 (Public Law 11295). Currently, the FAA considers the use of an unmanned aircraft for educational or training purposes to be commercial in nature. Below, we provide step-by-step guidance for operating an UAV for commercial (or research) purpose.