scholarly journals Overview Perkembangan Pemanfaatan Energi Primer Gas Bumi Di Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-52
Author(s):  
Aron Pangihutan Christian Tampubolon ◽  
Berkah Fajar Tamtomo Kiono
Keyword(s):  
Reserve Ratio

Gas bumi merupakan salah satu energi primer di Indonesia yang memiliki berbagai peranan baik di sektor industri maupun rumah tangga. Gas bumi masih dipandang energi yang lebih bersih dan kompetitif bila dibandingkan dengan energi fosil lainnya namun terdapat sejumlah tantangan untuk mencapai target bauran energi primer gas bumi. Tantangan Indonesia masih memiliki cadangan gas bumi sebesar 77,29 TSCF pada tahun 2019 atau potensi cadangan berjangka waktu 29 tahun berdasarkan production to reserve ratio. Potensi  cadangan ini dinilai lebih kecil bila dibandingkan dengan sumber energi fosil lainnya seperti jangka waktu cadangan batubara sampai 82 tahun. Tantangan lainnya adalah persentase ekspor gas bumi yang masih tinggi, pembangunan infrastruktur pemanfaatan gas bumi serta tingkat partisipasi dalam aktivitas eksplorasi wilayah kerja cadangan gas bumi. Tantangan ini dapat dikelola dengan dukungan kebijakan pemerintah untuk peningkatan aktivitas eksplorasi, perbaikan tata kelola dan hilirisasi gas bumi, penekanan angka ekspor gas bumi dengan persiapan pengembangan infrastruktur penyerapan suplai gas bumi untuk kebutuhan domestik, serta koordinasi dengan semua pihak terkait untuk memastikan pemenuhan perizinan terutama izin lingkungan dan isu sosial. Pengembangan produk DME sebagai substitusi impor LPG juga dapat dilakukan untuk memaksimalkan penggunaan gas bumi domestik. Pada masa pandemi Covid-19, penurunan energi primer lain seperti minyak bumi dan batubara tentunya menjadi kesempatan untuk meningkatkan persentase bauran energi gas bumi mencapai 22%. Penurunan harga gas bumi selama masa pandemi yang mengakibatkan penurunan ekspor gas dapat menjadi kesempatan untuk memanfaatkan gas bumi bagi kebutuhan domestik.

SHOULD THE RESERVE RATIO TEST BE RETAINED?

1964 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-393
Author(s):  
GEORGE E. LENT
Keyword(s):  
Ratio Test ◽  
Reserve Ratio

scholarly journals Effects of Market Reform on Facility Investment in Electric Power Industry: Panel Data Analysis of 27 Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juyong Lee ◽  
Youngsang Cho ◽  
Yoonmo Koo ◽  
Chansoo Park
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Market ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Electric Power Industry ◽  
Market Reform ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Reserve Ratio ◽  
Base Load ◽  
Generation Facility

In this study, we analyzed the effects of electricity market reform on investment in generation facilities. We used the data of 27 OECD member countries and considered ownership structure, horizontal and vertical unbundling, change of transaction method, and government regulation as explanatory variables for market reform. We used four regression models, in which we examined the effects of market reform on the capacity of generation facilities, supply reserve ratio, total investment, and base-load share, respectively. For each panel regression model, we performed a Hausman test to identify the model between random effect and fixed effect. Based on the estimation results, we found that electricity market reform has a negative effect on generation facilities in most countries. Both privatization and regulation have negative impacts on the generation facility and base-load share. On the other hand, the level of liberalization of transactions have positive effects on the generation facility, supply reserve ratio, and base-load share. The empirical analysis also showed that horizontal unbundling does not have a meaningful effect on investment, but vertical unbundling contributes to increasing the supply reserve ratio.

Anaerobic Speed Reserve: A Key Component of Elite Male 800-m Running

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth N. Sandford ◽  
Sian V. Allen ◽  
Andrew E. Kilding ◽  
Angus Ross ◽  
Paul B. Laursen
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Limits ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Speed ◽  
Practical Tool ◽  
Individualized Training ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Performance Times ◽  
Negative Relationships ◽  
Reserve Ratio ◽  
Race Performance

Purpose: In recent years (2011–2016), men’s 800-m championship running performances have required greater speed than previous eras (2000–2009). The “anaerobic speed reserve” (ASR) may be a key differentiator of this performance, but profiles of elite 800-m runners and their relationship to performance time have yet to be determined. Methods: The ASR—determined as the difference between maximal sprint speed (MSS) and predicted maximal aerobic speed (MAS)—of 19 elite 800- and 1500-m runners was assessed using 50-m sprint and 1500-m race performance times. Profiles of 3 athlete subgroups were examined using cluster analysis and the speed reserve ratio (SRR), defined as MSS/MAS. Results: For the same MAS, MSS and ASR showed very large negative (both r = −.74 ± .30, ±90% confidence limits; very likely) relationships with 800-m performance time. In contrast, for the same MSS, ASR and MAS had small negative relationships (both r = −.16 ± .54; possibly) with 800-m performance. ASR, 800-m personal best, and SRR best defined the 3 subgroups along a continuum of 800-m runners, with SRR values as follows: 400–800 m ≥ 1.58, 800 m ≤ 1.57 to ≥ 1.48, and 800–1500 m ≤ 1.47 to ≥ 1.36. Conclusion: MSS had the strongest relationship with 800-m performance, whereby for the same MSS, MAS and ASR showed only small relationships to differences in 800-m time. Furthermore, the findings support the coaching observation of three 800-m subgroups, with the SRR potentially representing a useful and practical tool for identifying an athlete’s 800-m profile. Future investigations should consider the SRR framework and its application for individualized training approaches in this event.

scholarly journals MONETARY DISCRETION BY FISCAL MEANS: THE CASE OF BULGARIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Preslav Dimitrov ◽  
Ivan Todorov ◽  
Stoyan Tanchev ◽  
Petar Yurukov
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Liquidity Effect ◽  
Currency Board ◽  
Automatic Adjustment ◽  
Adjustment Mechanism ◽  
Study Results ◽  
National Bank ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Reserve Ratio

The specific design of the Bulgarian currency board arrangement (CBA), which provides an opportunity for the Bulgarian government to conduct discretionary monetary policy by changes in the fiscal reserve, was analyzed. The impact of government deposit fluctuations on the dynamics of reserve money and interbank interest rates was investigated. The hypotheses of an automatic adjustment mechanism and a liquidity effect under the Bulgarian currency board arrangement were tested. The methodology employed was a vector autoregression, which included the following variables: MB – monetary base; BP – the balance of payments; GD – government deposit on the balance sheet of the Issue Department of the Bulgarian National Bank; MRR – minimum required reserve ratio of commercial banks. The target variable was MB. Monthly data for the period of January 1998 - December 2018 were used. The study results did not provide evidence of a statistically significant impact of changes in government deposit on reserve money and interbank interest rates. The hypotheses for the existence of an automatic adjustment mechanism and a liquidity effect did not find an empirical confirmation.

scholarly journals Effect of Monetary Policy on Financial Intermediation in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-36
Author(s):  
Chukwu, Kenechukwu Origin ◽  
Ogbonnaya-Udo, Nneka
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Financial Intermediation ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Financial Infrastructure ◽  
Effect Of Monetary Policy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Reserve Ratio

The study examined the effect of monetary policy on financial intermediation in Nigeria. Secondary data were collected from Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin spanning from 1988 to 2018.The research work selected Nigeria as its sample and used the VECM to test the effect of the explanatory variables (Monetary Policy Rate, Cash Reserve Ratio, Loan to Deposit Ratio and Liquidity Ratio) on the dependent variable (Total Domestic Bank Credit).The findings from the study revealed that monetary policy has insignificant effect on intermediation in Nigeria. The granger causality test also shows a unidirectional causality between monetary policy and intermediation in Nigeria. The results suggest that lending interest rate is still high while deposit rate is low and this discourages savings and borrowing in the country. The study recommends among others that monetary policy should be reviewed in order to lower the cost of borrowing (lending rate) so as to encourage investors to borrow more. Commercial banks should try to increase its deposit rates which will help them to mobilize more deposits, as this will enhance their lending services. Financial infrastructure in the country should be improved upon as this will help banks in deposit mobilization especially the unbanked in the country.

scholarly journals GROWTH AND WELFARE EFFECTS OF MACROPRUDENTIAL REGULATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 3140-3162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Richard Agénor
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Risk ◽  
Overlapping Generations ◽  
Welfare Effects ◽  
Financial Supervision ◽  
Overlapping Generations Model ◽  
Macroprudential Regulation ◽  
Bank Monitoring ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Optimal Monitoring ◽  
Reserve Ratio

This paper studies the growth and welfare effects of macroprudential regulation in an overlapping generations model of endogenous growth with banking and agency costs. Indivisible investment projects combine with informational imperfections to create a double moral hazard problem à la Holmström–Tirole and a role for bank monitoring. When the optimal monitoring intensity is endogenously determined, an increase in the required reserve ratio (motivated by systemic risk considerations) has conflicting effects on investment and growth. On one hand, requiring banks to put away a fraction of the deposits that they receive reduces the supply of loanable funds. On the other, a higher required ratio raises incentives to save and mitigates banks' incentives to monitor, thereby lowering monitoring costs and freeing up resources to increase lending. In addition, it may mitigate the systemic risk externality associated with excessive leverage. This trade-off can be internalized by choosing the required reserve ratio that maximizes growth and welfare. However, the risk of disintermediation means that in practice financial supervision may also need to be strengthened, and the perimeter of regulation broadened, if the optimal ratio is relatively high.

Coronary hemodynamic responses during local hemodilution in canine hearts

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (3) ◽  
pp. H525-H531
Author(s):  
G. J. Crystal
Keyword(s):  
Perfusion Pressure ◽  
Electromagnetic Flowmeter ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Systemic Hemodynamic ◽  
Coronary Insufficiency ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Reduced Viscosity ◽  
Fundamental Information ◽  
Reserve Ratio

To evaluate the effect of hemodilution per se on coronary hemodynamics, experiments were performed in 36 anesthetized, open-chest dogs whose left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was perfused selectively with either normal arterial blood or arterial blood diluted with lactated Ringer solution. LAD blood flow (CBF) was measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter and its transmural distribution assessed with 15-microns radioactive microspheres. LAD perfusion pressure was set at the normal level (approximately 100 mmHg) or at 50% of that level to simulate coronary insufficiency. Dilator reserve capacity was calculated from ratio of reactive hyperemic peak flow following release of 90-s occlusion to control (preocclusion) flow. Systemic hemodynamic parameters were maintained near control values during coronary hemodilution. With perfusion pressure normal, graded hemodilution caused progressive, transmurally uniform increases in CBF that showed a nonlinear relationship to inflow hematocrit. Increased peak reactive hyperemic flow and decreased dilator reserve ratio indicated that both reduced viscosity and vasodilation contributed to increased CBF during hemodilution. Hypotension alone reduced CBF, with greater effect in the subendocardium. Additional hemodilution returned CBF to normotensive value, but relative subendocardial hypoperfusion persisted. The present study provides fundamental information on effects of hemodilution on coronary hemodynamics without the systemic responses that complicated previous studies utilizing whole body exchange transfusions.

scholarly journals Impact of Monetary Policy on Banks' Growth Path

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
S S Tarapore
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Capital Inflows ◽  
International Economy ◽  
Growth Path ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Excess Liquidity ◽  
Capital Outflows ◽  
The Government ◽  
Reserve Ratio

With the liberalization of balance of payments, the monetary policy scenario in India underwent a sea change. While the merits and demerits of capital account liberalization have been debated, it is still not clear as to what extent the Indian economy has integrated with the global economy. There are basically two choices: either integrating with the international economy at a measured and orderly pace, or letting the world integrate with us in a disorderly manner on terms dictated by the international economy. The objective of macroeconomic management is to tailor the policies so as to maximize the gains of global integration while minimizing the adverse features of globalization. This article captures the dilemmas and challenges of formulating a favourable monetary policy and studies and projects the implications of the changing dimensions of monetary policy on the different parameters determining the banks� growth path. In the absence of RBI�s intervention, persistent capital inflows into the country could result in an unrestrained monetary expansion and a real effective exchange rate (REER) appreciation which in turn is likely to end up in a crisis. RBI has used a combination of the market stabilization scheme (MSS), the reverse repo, and the cash reserve ratio (CRR) to tackle the problem of excess liquidity. As CRR is considered a blunt instrument, RBI is suggested to use incremental cash reserve ratio to immobilize the excess liquidity from where it is lodged. In an extreme situation of excessive capital inflows, the author suggests the use of unremunerated reserve requirements on fresh inflows by foreign institutional investors. For the banks, large capital outflows could lead to a more difficult situation as pumping in of created money to restore liquidity could trigger further capital outflows. Remedial measures such as raising of interest rates, tightening of liquidity, and depreciation of exchange rate will have to be implemented in a non-disruptive manner so as to ensure that the economy does not go into a state of panic. For formulating a viable monetary policy, what is most important is to set objectives in such a way that there is a clear agreement between the government and the RBI. The present structure of the banking system is not conducive to the development of a strong and vibrant financial structure. There have been repeated recommendations to reduce government holding in public sector banks because of the government�s inability or reluctance to provide more capital to these banks. In the overall rapidly changing globalized scenario, the banks cannot remain isolated; they too need to keep pace and should therefore join the bandwagon.

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