scholarly journals Economic Factor on the In Situ Vanillin Enzymatic Formation from the Green Pods Vanilla

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-29
Author(s):  
Indah Hartati ◽  
Pradipta Risma Rukma Ardi ◽  
Muhammad Milzam ◽  
Vita Paramita
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Enzymatic Reaction ◽  
Economic Factor ◽  
Curing Process ◽  
Enzymatic Extraction ◽  
Microbial Process ◽  
Enzymatic Formation ◽  
Hydrolysis Process ◽  
Traditional Fermentation

This work proposed a study of a direct enzymatic of vanillin formation by using rumen liquid which has enzymatic capability for tissue disruption of vanilla green pods to avoid the curing process. Application of enzymes during the formation of vanilla aromas and its extraction present nice opportunity to improve productivity, as the enzymatic reaction possibly substitute the microbial process in the traditional fermentation. Green vanilla pods were applied for the direct enzymatic extraction of vanillin, while liquid rument provide cell wall degrading enzyme in order to support the hydrolysis process (destruction) of cell wall. Glucovanillin were contacted with the β-glucosidase in the green pods due to the desruction of the cell wall, followed by the formation of glucovanillin into vanillin. Vanillin content of vanilla green pods was found higher in which by treating the vanilla green pods at 30 °C.

scholarly journals Effect of B-Glucosidase Activity on the Vanillin Enzymatic Formation by Using Rumen Liquid for Cell Walls Degradation

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vita Paramita ◽  
Mohamad Endy Yulianto
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Hplc Analysis ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Enzymatic Reaction ◽  
Curing Process ◽  
Cell Wall Degradation ◽  
Enzymatic Formation ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Traditional Fermentation

<p>This work proposed a study of direct enzymatic of vanillin formation by using rumen fluid which has enzymatic capability for tissue disruption of vanilla green pods to avoid the curing process. Application of enzymes during the formation of vanilla aromas and flavors and its extraction present nice opportunity to improve productivity, as the enzymatic reaction possibly substitute the microbial process in the traditional fermentation. Glucovanillin, the precursor of vanillin, contacted with the B-glucosidase in the green pods by destructing the cell wall. Liquid rument was providing enzyme for cell wall degradation. The contact of glucovanillin and B-glucosidase lead the hydrolysis of glucovanillin into vanillin. The amounts of glucovanillin and vanillin were examined by using HPLC analysis. The identification of vanillin was investigated by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrofotometry. Vanillin content of vanilla green pods was found higher in which by treating the vanilla green pods at 30°C.</p>

In vitro and in vivo polysaccharides assembly: ultrastructural and cytochemical study of growing plant cell wall components.

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
D. Reis ◽  
B. Vian ◽  
J. C. Roland
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Wall Components

Wall morphogenesis in higher plants is a problem still open to controversy. Until now the possibility of a transmembrane control and the involvement of microtubules were mostly envisaged. Self-assembly processes have been observed in the case of walls of Chlamydomonas and bacteria. Spontaneous gelling interactions between xanthan and galactomannan from Ceratonia have been analyzed very recently. The present work provides indications that some processes of spontaneous aggregation could occur in higher plants during the formation and expansion of cell wall.Observations were performed on hypocotyl of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) for which growth characteristics and wall composition have been previously defined.In situ, the walls of actively growing cells (primary walls) show an ordered three-dimensional organization (fig. 1). The wall is typically polylamellate with multifibrillar layers alternately transverse and longitudinal. Between these layers intermediate strata exist in which the orientation of microfibrils progressively rotates. Thus a progressive change in the morphogenetic activity occurs.

Bacterial Peptidoglycan Stapling with Functionalized D-Amino Acids

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia L. Rivera ◽  
Akbar Espaillat ◽  
Arjun K. Aditham ◽  
Peyton Shieh ◽  
Chris Muriel-Mundo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Enzymatic Reaction ◽  
Amino Acid Derivative ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Live Bacteria ◽  
Cross Links ◽  
Osmotic Lysis ◽  
Bacterial Peptidoglycan

Transpeptidation reinforces the structure of cell wall peptidoglycan, an extracellular heteropolymer that protects bacteria from osmotic lysis. The clinical success of transpeptidase-inhibiting β-lactam antibiotics illustrates the essentiality of these cross-linkages for cell wall integrity, but the presence of multiple, seemingly redundant transpeptidases in many bacterial species makes it challenging to determine cross-link function precisely. Here we present a technique to covalently link peptide strands by chemical rather than enzymatic reaction. We employ bio-compatible click chemistry to induce triazole formation between azido- and alkynyl-D-alanine residues that are metabolically installed in the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Synthetic triazole cross-links can be visualized by substituting azido-D-alanine with azidocoumarin-D-alanine, an amino acid derivative that undergoes fluorescent enhancement upon reaction with terminal alkynes. Cell wall stapling protects the model bacterium Escherichia coli from β-lactam treatment. Chemical control of cell wall structure in live bacteria can provide functional insights that are orthogonal to those obtained by genetics.<br>

Effect of Hypertonic Sucrose Upon the Immune Bactericidal Reaction

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
Louis H. Muschel ◽  
Linda J. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Enzymatic Reaction ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Inner Membrane ◽  
Bactericidal Antibody ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Free Serum ◽  
Supporting Structures

This study was performed to determine the mechanism whereby hypertonic sucrose inhibits the immune bactericidal reaction. Other investigators had postulated that the initial attack of complement (C) on the cell wall was followed with lysozyme-containing whole serum by an enzymatic reaction upon the peptidoglycan substrate resulting in cell death. In the absence of serum lysozyme, secondary lethal changes might occur from damage to the cell's inner membrane as a result of osmotic forces in the presence of a defective cell wall. Hypertonic sucrose giving rise to plasmolysis and protection of the inner membrane was presumed to differentially inhibit the immune response mediated by lysozyme-free serum. The experimental results observed in this investigation have indicated, however, that the inhibitory effect of sucrose upon the bactericidal reaction may be explained simply by its anticomplementary effect and not by any effect on the bacterial cell. This view was supported by the following observations: (i) the comparability of the inhibitory effect of sucrose upon the immune hemolytic and bactericidal reactions, (ii) the comparable percentage loss in bactericidal activity of whole serum and lysozyme-free serum resulting from hypertonic sucrose, (iii) bactericidal antibody titrations were relatively unaffected and C titrations markedly inhibited by sucrose, (iv) the inhibitory effect of sucrose on the bactericidal reaction was unaffected by prior growth of the organism in the presence of sucrose, (v) the kinetics of the bactericidal reactivity of lysozyme-free serum in hypertonic sucrose, compared with whole serum, did not reveal a prolonged lag phase with lysozyme-free serum, but simply diminished reactivity at all times. These observations are compatible with the view that the C attack upon the outer surface of gram-negative bacteria, which plays a part in the cell's permeability control, may account for cell death. In this regard, the immune bactericidal reaction is quite comparable to the lysis of red cells or nucleated cells by C despite the lack of overt lysis in bacteria, probably because of their underlying supporting structures.

Effects of Drying and Ensiling on In situ Cell Wall Degradation Kinetics of Tomato Pomace in Ruminant

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 196-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naser Maheri-Sis ◽  
Mohammad Chamani ◽  
Ali Asghar Sadeghi ◽  
Ali Mirzaaghaz ◽  
Kambiz Nazeradl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Cell Wall Degradation ◽  
Tomato Pomace ◽  
Kinetics Of

Visualization of sporopollenin-containing pathogenic green micro-alga Prototheca wickerhamii by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryohei Ueno
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Oligonucleotide Probes ◽  
Logarithmic Growth Phase ◽  
Prototheca Wickerhamii ◽  
Algal Genus

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using taxon-specific, rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes is one of the most powerful tools for the rapid identification of harmful microorganisms. However, eukaryotic algal cells do not always allow FISH probes to permeate over their cell walls. Members of the pathogenic micro-algal genus Prototheca are characterized by their distinctive cell-wall component, sporopollenin, an extremely tough biopolymer that resists acid and alkaline hydrolysis, enzyme attack, and acetolysis. To our knowledge, there has been no report of the successful permeation by the oligonucleotide probes over the cell walls of unicellular green micro-algae, which contain sporopollenin. The DNA probes passed through the cell wall of Prototheca wickerhamii after treating the algal cells with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Most cells in the middle logarithmic growth phase culture fluoresced when hybridized with the rRNA-targeted universal probe for eukaryotes, though individual cells included in this culture differed in the level of cell-wall vulnerability to attack by the polysaccharide-degrading enzyme, thus reflecting the different stages of the life cycle. This is the first report regarding the visualization of sporopollenin-containing, green micro-algal cells by FISH.

scholarly journals Candida albicans phosphate transport, facilitating nucleotide sugar biosynthesis, contributes to cell wall stability.

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maikel Acosta-Zaldivar ◽  
Wanjun Qi ◽  
Ning-Ning Liu ◽  
Joann Diray-Arce ◽  
Louise A. Walker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Enzymatic Reaction ◽  
Phosphate Starvation ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Outer Cell ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Nucleotide Sugar ◽  
Structural Cell ◽  
Chitin Synthases

The Candida albicans high-affinity phosphate transporter Pho84 is required for normal Target of Rapamycin signaling, oxidative stress resistance and virulence of this fungal pathogen. It also contributes to C. albicans’ tolerance of two antifungal drug classes, polyenes and echinocandins. Echinocandins inhibit biosynthesis of a major cell wall component, beta-1,3-glucan. Cells lacking Pho84 were hypersensitive to other forms of cell wall stress beyond echinocandin exposure, while their cell wall integrity signaling response was weak. Metabolomics experiments showed that levels of phosphoric intermediates, including nucleotides like ATP and nucleotide sugars, were low in pho84 mutant compared to wild type cells recovering from phosphate starvation. Non-phosphoric precursors like nucleobases and nucleosides were elevated. Outer cell wall phosphomannan biosynthesis requires a nucleotide sugar,GDP-mannose. The nucleotide sugar UDP-glucose is the substrate of enzymes that synthesize two major structural cell wall polysaccharides, beta-1,3- and beta-1,6-glucan. Another nucleotide sugar, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, is the substrate of chitin synthases which produce a stabilizing component of the intercellular septum and of lateral cell walls. Lack of Pho84 activity, and phosphate starvation, potentiated pharmacological or genetic perturbation of these enzymes. Our model is that low substrate concentrations of beta-D-glucan- and chitin synthases diminish enzymatic reaction rates and potentiate pharmacologic inhibitors to decrease the yield of their cell wall-stabilizing products. Phosphate import is not conserved between fungal and human cells, and humans do not synthesize beta-D-glucans or chitin. Hence inhibiting these processes simultaneously could yield potent antifungal effects with low toxicity to humans.

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