scholarly journals Influencing of Spatial Memory in Rats by DSP-4 and Mescaline

1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Koupilová ◽  
Josef Herink ◽  
Otakar Krs
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Spatial Orientation ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Neurotoxic Effect ◽  
Behavioural Effects ◽  
The Brain

Behavioural effects of two experimental neurotoxins, mescaline and DSP-4 (N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine), on retention of spatial orientation were studied in the T - maze. The stereotaxic administration of both neurotoxins into the selected brain structures was chosen to reveal this effect. The intensity and time course of the neurotoxic effect were dependent on the brain area administered. Nevertheless, the lengthening of the latencies in reaching the goal was generally more marked after mescaline in comparison with DSP-4.

Intranasal administration of mitochondria improves spatial memory in olfactory bulbectomized mice

2021 ◽  
pp. 153537022110568
Author(s):  
Natalia V Bobkova ◽  
Daria Y Zhdanova ◽  
Natalia V Belosludtseva ◽  
Nikita V Penkov ◽  
Galina D Mironova
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Intranasal Administration ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Hippocampal Cell Culture ◽  
The Brain

Here, we found that functionally active mitochondria isolated from the brain of NMRI donor mice and administrated intranasally to recipient mice penetrated the brain structures in a dose-dependent manner. The injected mitochondria labeled with the MitoTracker Red localized in different brain regions, including the neocortex and hippocampus, which are responsible for memory and affected by degeneration in patients with Alzheimer's disease. In behavioral experiments, intranasal microinjections of brain mitochondria of native NMRI mice improved spatial memory in the olfactory bulbectomized (OBX) mice with Alzheimer’s type degeneration. Control OBX mice demonstrated loss of spatial memory tested in the Morris water maze. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that allogeneic mitochondria colocalized with the markers of astrocytes and neurons in hippocampal cell culture. The results suggest that a non-invasive route intranasal administration of mitochondria may be a promising approach to the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases characterized, like Alzheimer's disease, by mitochondrial dysfunction.

Benzophenone-3 Passes Through the Blood-Brain Barrier, Increases the Level of Extracellular Glutamate, and Induces Apoptotic Processes in the Hippocampus and Frontal Cortex of Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 171 (2) ◽  
pp. 485-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartosz Pomierny ◽  
Weronika Krzyżanowska ◽  
Żaneta Broniowska ◽  
Beata Strach ◽  
Beata Bystrowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Glutamate Transporters ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Extracellular Glutamate ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Benzophenone-3 is the most commonly used UV filter. It is well absorbed through the skin and gastrointestinal tract. Its best-known side effect is the impact on the function of sex hormones. Little is known about the influence of BP-3 on the brain. The aim of this study was to show whether BP-3 crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB), to determine whether it induces nerve cell damage in susceptible brain structures, and to identify the mechanism of its action in the central nervous system. BP-3 was administered dermally during the prenatal period and adulthood to rats. BP-3 effect on short-term and spatial memory was determined by novel object and novel location recognition tests. BP-3 concentrations were assayed in the brain and peripheral tissues. In brain structures, selected markers of brain damage were measured. The study showed that BP-3 is absorbed through the rat skin, passes through the BBB. BP-3 raised oxidative stress and induced apoptosis in the brain. BP-3 increased the concentration of extracellular glutamate in examined brain structures and changed the expression of glutamate transporters. BP-3 had no effect on short-term memory but impaired spatial memory. The present study showed that dermal BP-3 exposure may cause damage to neurons what might be associated with the increase in the level of extracellular glutamate, most likely evoked by changes in the expression of GLT-1 and xCT glutamate transporters. Thus, exposure to BP-3 may be one of the causes that increase the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases.

Time course of changes in the concentrations of monoamines in the brain structures of pentylenetetrazole-kindled rats

2010 ◽  
Vol 117 (6) ◽  
pp. 707-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janusz Szyndler ◽  
Piotr Maciejak ◽  
Danuta Turzyńska ◽  
Alicja Sobolewska ◽  
Andrzej Bidziński ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals On imputing function to structure from the behavioural effects of brain lesions

2000 ◽  
Vol 355 (1393) ◽  
pp. 147-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm P. Young ◽  
Claus–C. Hilgetag ◽  
Jack W. Scannell
Keyword(s):  
Brain Structures ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Reliable Information ◽  
Formal Approach ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Double Dissociation ◽  
Behavioural Effects ◽  
Formal Framework ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Simple Network

What is the link, if any, between the patterns of connections in the brain and the behavioural effects of localized brain lesions? We explored this question in four related ways. First, we investigated the distribution of activity decrements that followed simulated damage to elements of the thalamocortical network, using integrative mechanisms that have recently been used to successfully relate connection data to information on the spread of activation, and to account simultaneously for a variety of lesion effects. Second, we examined the consequences of the patterns of decrement seen in the simulation for each type of inference that has been employed to impute function to structure on the basis of the effects of brain lesions. Every variety of conventional inference, including double dissociation, readily misattributed function to structure. Third, we tried to derive a more reliable framework of inference for imputing function to structure, by clarifying concepts of function, and exploring a more formal framework, in which knowledge of connectivity is necessary but insufficient, based on concepts capable of mathematical specification. Fourth, we applied this framework to inferences about function relating to a simple network that reproduces intact, lesioned and paradoxically restored orientating behaviour. Lesion effects could be used to recover detailed and reliable information on which structures contributed to particular functions in this simple network. Finally, we explored how the effects of brain lesions and this formal approach could be used in conjunction with information from multiple neuroscience methodologies to develop a practical and reliable approach to inferring the functional roles of brain structures. of brain lesions.

scholarly journals CYTOKINE CONTENT WITHIN BRAIN STRUCTURES IN RATS WITH GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DIFFERENT LEVELS OF AGGRESSION

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1S) ◽  
pp. 9-10
Author(s):  
E L Alperina ◽  
E N Zhukova
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Genetic Predisposition ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Regional Characteristics ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Anti Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Different Levels

Introduction. There is increasing evidence that altered neuroimmune responses are implicated in the neurobiology of aggression, including the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. However, little is known about brain cytokine changes and their regional characteristics in animals genetically selected for either high or low aggressive behaviors. Materials and methods. In the present study the content of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNFα, IL-10) was measured by ELISA method in the brain structures (the hypothalamus, striatum, frontal cortex, and hippocampus) in two rat lines selected for differences in fear-induced aggression at 2, 4, and 24 h after a peripheral injection of saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 250 µg/kg). Results and discussions. LPS stimulation elevated cytokine activity above baseline levels in both aggressive and nonaggressive rats, but the pattern, time course of cytokine changes, and their regional characteristics varied according to the aggressiveness of the animals. After LPS administration, aggressive rats showed increased levels of IL-1β in the hypothalamus at 2 and 4 h and in the frontal cortex at 4 and 24 h compared to LPS-treated nonaggressive line. IL-2 was increased in the frontal cortex and striatum of aggressive rats within 24 h, while IL-6 elevation in the hypothalamus was found at 4 h and in the frontal cortex at 2 and 4 h. In the hippocampus, the levels of IL-1β, IL-2, and IL-6 were lower in LPS-treated aggressive rats than in nonaggressive animals. The levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were also decreased in all brain structures of aggressive rats receiving LPS. Conclusion. The present data indicate that genetic predisposition to increased aggressiveness is associated with region-specific changes in the content of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and their variations over time in the brain structures.

Time course of changes in the concentrations of amino acids in the brain structures of pentylenetetrazole-kindled rats

2010 ◽  
Vol 1342 ◽  
pp. 150-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Maciejak ◽  
Janusz Szyndler ◽  
Danuta Turzyńska ◽  
Alicja Sobolewska ◽  
Andrzej Bidziński ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Is bigger always better? A critical appraisal of the use of volumetric analysis in the study of the hippocampus

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1542) ◽  
pp. 915-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy C. Roth ◽  
Anders Brodin ◽  
Tom V. Smulders ◽  
Lara D. LaDage ◽  
Vladimir V. Pravosudov
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Volumetric Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Scatter Hoarding ◽  
Axonal Arborization ◽  
Adaptive Specialization ◽  
Mechanisms Of Memory ◽  
The Brain

A well-developed spatial memory is important for many animals, but appears especially important for scatter-hoarding species. Consequently, the scatter-hoarding system provides an excellent paradigm in which to study the integrative aspects of memory use within an ecological and evolutionary framework. One of the main tenets of this paradigm is that selection for enhanced spatial memory for cache locations should specialize the brain areas involved in memory. One such brain area is the hippocampus (Hp). Many studies have examined this adaptive specialization hypothesis, typically relating spatial memory to Hp volume. However, it is unclear how the volume of the Hp is related to its function for spatial memory. Thus, the goal of this article is to evaluate volume as a main measurement of the degree of morphological and physiological adaptation of the Hp as it relates to memory. We will briefly review the evidence for the specialization of memory in food-hoarding animals and discuss the philosophy behind volume as the main currency. We will then examine the problems associated with this approach, attempting to understand the advantages and limitations of using volume and discuss alternatives that might yield more specific hypotheses. Overall, there is strong evidence that the Hp is involved in the specialization of spatial memory in scatter-hoarding animals. However, volume may be only a coarse proxy for more relevant and subtle changes in the structure of the brain underlying changes in behaviour. To better understand the nature of this brain/memory relationship, we suggest focusing on more specific and relevant features of the Hp, such as the number or size of neurons, variation in connectivity depending on dendritic and axonal arborization and the number of synapses. These should generate more specific hypotheses derived from a solid theoretical background and should provide a better understanding of both neural mechanisms of memory and their evolution.

Morphological Changes in the Brain of Acutely Ill and Weight-Recovered Patients with Anorexia Nervosa

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Seitz ◽  
Katharina Bühren ◽  
Georg G. von Polier ◽  
Nicole Heussen ◽  
Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Clinical Prognosis ◽  
Qualitative Review ◽  
Brain Changes ◽  
The Brain

Objective: Acute anorexia nervosa (AN) leads to reduced gray (GM) and white matter (WM) volume in the brain, which however improves again upon restoration of weight. Yet little is known about the extent and clinical correlates of these brain changes, nor do we know much about the time-course and completeness of their recovery. Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis and a qualitative review of all magnetic resonance imaging studies involving volume analyses of the brain in both acute and recovered AN. Results: We identified structural neuroimaging studies with a total of 214 acute AN patients and 177 weight-recovered AN patients. In acute AN, GM was reduced by 5.6% and WM by 3.8% compared to healthy controls (HC). Short-term weight recovery 2–5 months after admission resulted in restitution of about half of the GM aberrations and almost full WM recovery. After 2–8 years of remission GM and WM were nearly normalized, and differences to HC (GM: –1.0%, WM: –0.7%) were no longer significant, although small residual changes could not be ruled out. In the qualitative review some studies found GM volume loss to be associated with cognitive deficits and clinical prognosis. Conclusions: GM and WM were strongly reduced in acute AN. The completeness of brain volume rehabilitation remained equivocal.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document