scholarly journals Development of successive cambia and structure of the secondary xylem in some members of the family Amaranthaceae

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravindra A. Shelke ◽  
Dhara G Ramoliya ◽  
Amit D Gondaliya ◽  
Kishore S. Rajput
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Successive Cambia ◽  
The Family ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Plant Habit ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Gomphrena Celosioides ◽  
Xylem Fibers

Young stems of Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult., A. lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult, A. monsonia Mart., A. sanguinolenta (L.) Blume, Alternanthera bettzickiana (Regel) G. Nicholson, A. philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb., Gomphrena celosioides Mart., G. globosa L. and Telanthera ficoidea (L.) Moq., showed the renewal of small sectors of cambium by replacing with new segments. Therefore, the secondary phloem formed by earlier cambial segments form isolated islands of phloem enclosed within conjunctive tissues became embedded in the secondary xylem. As the stem grows older, complete ring of cambium is renewed; sometimes an anastomosing network of successive cambia may be seen due to the renewal of larger segments of the cambium. Renewal of the cambium takes place by repeated periclinal division in the parenchyma cells positioned outside to the phloem formed by the previous cambium. Functionally the cambium is bidirectional and exclusively composed of fusiform cambial cells. Differentiation of conducting elements of the secondary xylem and phloem remains restricted to the certain cambial cells while rest of the segments exclusively produce conjunctive cells. Accumulation of starch along with the presence of nuclei in the xylem fibers even after deposition of the secondary wall is consistent in all the species and it seems to be associated with the absence of rays in the secondary xylem and phloem of nine species from four genera. The significance of successive cambia, rayless xylem and nucleated xylem fibers were correlated with plant habit.

scholarly journals Development of Inverse Cambia and Structure of Secondary Xylem in Ipomoea turbinata (Convolvulaceae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-97
Author(s):  
Kishore S. Rajput
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Successive Cambia ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

AbstractStructural transformation of mechanical tissues during the shift from a freestanding to a climbing habit is a characteristic of lianas, which are increasingly abundant in tropical forests. The modification of mechanical tissue and the evolution of a new growth pattern serve to increase stem flexibility and conductive efficiency. In Ipomoea turbinata Lag. (Convolvulaceae), the stem thickens via the formation of two distinct types of successive cambia: functionally normal successive cambia (producing xylem centripetally and phloem centrifugally), and inverse cambia (producing xylem centrifugally and phloem centripetally). The former originates from pericyclic derivatives (parenchyma cells located outside the primary phloem), while the latter originates from the conjunctive parenchyma located on the inner margin of the secondary xylem formed from vascular cambium. The secondary xylem produced by normal cambia is significantly more abundant than the xylem formed by inverse cambia. During primary growth, intraxylary primary phloem differentiates concomitantly with the protoxylem at the periphery of the pith; additional intraxylary secondary phloem is added from adjacent parenchyma cells as the plant ages. During initiation of every successive cambium, middle cells in the meristem give rise to cambium, and cells on either side of it serve as sites for initiation of future cambia. The functional role of inverse cambia remains unknown and awaits further experimental studies.

FORMATION OF SUCCESSIVE CAMBIA IN THE MENISPERMUM TREE COCCULUS LAURIFOLIUS (MENISPERMACEAE)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kishore S. Rajput ◽  
Sangeeta Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Outer Side ◽  
Successive Cambia ◽  
Meristematic Cells ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

Successive cambia are often associated with the climbing or shrub habit, and is less common in trees. We studied formation of successive cambia and structure of secondary xylem in young stems of Cocculus laurifolius DC., a tree species of Menispermaceae. Cell division in the vascular cambium ceased in pencil-thick stems. Subsequently, parenchyma cells located outside the perivascular fibre cap re-differentiated and gave rise to several small segments of meristematic cells, of which the central cells divided repeatedly to initiate the first successive cambium which produces secondary xylem centripetally and phloem centrifugally. Cells located on the inner side of the newly initiated cambium differentiated into conjunctive tissue while cells on the outer side of it divided further and differentiated into sclereids. Xylem was diffuse porous and composed of vessels, fibre tracheids and ray parenchyma cells, and only differed in vessel diameter from wide-vessel climbing relatives.

Stem anatomy at various developmental stages of secondary growth in Turbina corymbosa (Convolvulaceae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 151 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj M. Lekhak ◽  
Amit D. Gondaliya ◽  
Shrirang R. Yadav ◽  
Kishore S. Rajput
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Successive Cambia ◽  
Background Population ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

Background – Population growth of lianas in the tropical forest is credited to their ability of CO2 sequestration and efficiency of the narrow stems to supply water required for the amount of foliage it bears. Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf. (Convolvulaceae Juss.) is one of the fast-growing invasive species of scrambling woody lianas. It covers trees entirely within a short period to compete with above-ground resources (particularly sunlight). However, no information is available on how it manages to cope up with an increasing demand of water supply and mineral nutrients. What are the structural and developmental patterns adapted by this species to expand the stem diameter for efficient supply of below-ground resources? Therefore, our aim was to investigate the secondary growth patterns and structure of secondary xylem and phloem in T. corymbosa.Methods – Several samples of the stem with various diameters were studied using a histological method. Morphological and anatomical analyses were carried out using light microscopy.Key results – With the initiation of secondary growth, stems lose their circular outline rapidly due to unequal deposition of secondary xylem and formation of successive cambia. New successive cambia initiate from parenchymatous cells as small crescent-shaped fragments on asymmetric/opposite sides and result in a different stem conformation. Though several segments of successive cambia are formed, very few stem samples form complete cambium rings. The secondary xylem formed by successive cambia is diffuse porous with indistinct growth rings and is composed of both wide and narrow (fibriform) vessels, tracheids, fibres, axial and ray parenchyma cells. The secondary phloem consists of sieve tube elements, companion cells, axial and ray parenchyma cells. In fully grown plants, cambial action (internal cambium) occurrs between the intraxylary phloem and protoxylem and produces secondary xylem and phloem near the pith region.Conclusion – Structural alterations and unequal deposition of conducting elements, occurrence of intraxylary phloem and flattening of the stem are suggested to facilitate rapid growth of the plants by providing required minerals and nutrients. Internal cambium formed at the periphery of the pith is bidirectional and produces secondary xylem externally and intraxylary phloem internally. Continued development of intraxylary phloem from the internal cambium provides an additional path for rapid and safe translocation of photosynthates.

Ontogeny of the protophloem fibers and secondary xylem fibers within the stem of Coleus. II. An electron microscope study

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (16) ◽  
pp. 1672-1697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thompson Demetrio Pizzolato ◽  
Charles Heimsch
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Wood Fibers ◽  
Wall Formation ◽  
Phloem Fibers ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Secondary Wall Formation ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Xylem Fibers

Ultrastructural changes within the protophloem fibers and secondary xylem fibers accompany their ontogeny in the Colens stem. The plasmalemma of both fibers portrays a gently undulating pattern against the wall before secondary wall formation. Commonly a narrow, hyaline region separates the primary wall and the plasmalemma. Fibrillar material arising from the plasmalemma is condensed in the wall. With the onset of secondary wall formation, undulation of the plasmalemma increases. Many microtubules traverse the membrane and are modified into extracytoplasmic microtubules. Vesicles produced by the dictyosomes and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) pass through or fuse with the plasmalemma. These processes abate after the initiation of the secondary wall. Cisternal, vesicular, and tubular forms of ER, the latter a rare form in wood fibers, fluctuate in amount during ontogeny. Mitochondria increase in number by fission and change in size and cristae volume. Microbodies are common in the youngest phloem fibers but are absent from the xylem initials. Microbodies arising as swellings of ER cisternae are numerous after secondary wall formation is underway in both fibers. Microfilaments are rare in wood fibers but are common in young phloem fibers. Spherosomes, which originate from ER cisternae, disappear during the initiation of the secondary wall. Phloem fiber plastids increase in number by either constriction or concentralization until shortly after the start of secondary wall formation. The plastids of the xylem fibers differ from those of the phloem fibers since the organelles contain phytoferritin and large starch grains initially, divide only by constriction, and do not form membrane-bound bodies.

Variability in the Distribution of Middle Lamella Lignin in Secondary Vascular Tissues of Kenaf Stems

IAWA Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Seung Gon Wi ◽  
Kwang Ho Lee ◽  
Hyeun Jong Bae ◽  
Byung Dae Park ◽  
Adya P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Hibiscus Cannabinus ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Xylem Parenchyma ◽  
Vascular Tissues ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Xylem Elements

Lignin in the middle lamella of the secondary xylem of angiosperms appears to be inhomogeneously distributed, based on studies where the focus is on a close examinantion of the middle lamella region of fibre cell walls by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This is in contrast to the secondary xylem of gymnosperms which often display a more uniform distribution of lignin in the middle lamella of secondary xylem elements. The aim of our study was to undertake TEM examination of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), an angiosperm plant mainly cultivated for its high quality secondary phloem fibres, to investigate lignin distribution in the middle lamella of secondary vascular tissues, including secondary phloem fibres. The middle lamella displayed considerable heterogeneity in the distribution of lignin in all lignified secondary vascular tissues, including xylem and phloem fibres, vessels and axial xylem parenchyma cells. The results provided evidence of lignin inhomogeneity in the secondary phloem fibres as well as in other lignified elements of kenaf vascular tissues, extending previous observations which were confined only to fibre cells.

Structure of Wood and Cambial Variant in the Stem of Dalbergia Paniculata Roxb.

IAWA Journal ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. B. Nair ◽  
H. Y. Mohan Ram
Keyword(s):  
Succinate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Sieve Tube ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Succinate Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Successive Cambia ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
Companion Cells ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Cambial Variant

The wood of Dalbergia paniculata is unique as it consists of concentric layers of broad xylem, alternating with bands of narrow phloem. This anomaly results from the periodic formation of successive cambia in the secondary phloem. Some phloem parenchyma cells dedifferentiate to form a discontinuous ring of cambium. Such parenchyma cells have higher succinate dehydrogenase activity than the neighbouring cells of secondary phloem. The newly differentiated cambial layer functions bidirectionally, and its products give rise to xylem internally and phloem externally. The phloem along with cambium present internal to the newly formed xylem becomes included.The wood is diffuse-porous and the intervessel pits are vestured. The phloem has welldifferentiated sieve tube members and companion cells.

Unusual cell wall layers in elm parenchyma of secondary xylem

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (17) ◽  
pp. 2109-2113 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Ouellette
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Protective Layers ◽  
American Elm ◽  
Additional Layer ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma

Multilayering of secondary wall layers in American elm parenchyma cells is described. This includes one additional layer like S1–S3 and protective layers each in vasicentric parenchyma and up to two additional such layers in ray parenchyma. These extra layers are comparable with those mentioned by a few other workers, but they are not necessarily related to tylosis formation as implied by some of these.

Anatomy of the Secondary Phloem in Winteraceae

IAWA Journal ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Esau ◽  
Vernon I. Cheadle
Keyword(s):  
Protein Body ◽  
Sieve Element ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
The Family ◽  
Companion Cells ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Evolutionary Level ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Sieve Plates

The secondary phloem of nine species in five genera of Winteraceae was examined with regard to features that could serve for taxonomic and phylogenetic evaluation of the family. The species examined were as follows: Bubbia pauciflora, B. semecarpoides, Drimys lanceolata, D. winteri, Exospermum stipitatum, Pseudo wintera axillaris, Zygogynum baillonii, Z. bicolor, and Z. vinkii. The nine species showed the following common characteristics: 1) origin from nonstoried vascular cambium with long fusiform initials; 2) ray system consisting of high multiseriate and high uniseriate rays; 3) occurrence of secondary partitioning in the differentiating phloem so that the sieve elements are much shorter than the tracheids; 4) lack of sharp differentiation between lateral sieve areas and those of the sieve plates; 5) predominance of compound sieve plates; 6) short companion cells, often single in a given sieve element; 7) phloem parenchyma cells in strands; 8) lack of specialised fibres (bast fibres) in the secondary phloem; 9) presence of nondispersing protein body in the sieve element protoplast. Features numbered 1, 2, 4-6 are considered to be indications of low evolutionary level. The significance of the other three features (3, 7-9) requires further evaluation. Among these three is the secondary partitioning the occurrence of which seems to imply that in some taxa the well known sequence of evolutionary shortening of cambial initials and their derivatives may be accelerated on the phloem side.

Wood and Bark Anatomy of Caricaceae; Correlations with Systematics and Habit

IAWA Journal ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherwin Carlquist
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
The Family ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Phloem Fibers ◽  
Bark Anatomy ◽  
Mechanical Tissue

Wood and bark anatomy are described for four species of three genera of Caricaceae; both root and stem material were available for Jacaratia hassleriana. Wood of all species lacks libriform fibers in secondary xylem, and has axial parenchyma instead. Cylicomorpha parviflora has paratracheal parenchyma cells with thin lignified walls; otherwise, all cell walls of secondary xylem in Caricaceae except those of vessels have only primary walls. Vessels have alternate laterally elongate (pseudoscalariform) pits on vessel-vessel interfaces, but wide, minimally bordered scalariform pits on vessel-parenchyma contacts. Laticifers occur commonly in tangential plates in fascicular secondary xylem, and rarely in xylem rays. Proliferation of axial parenchyma by zones of tangential divisions is newly reported for the family. Bark is diverse in the species, although some features (e.g., druses) are common to all. Wood of Caricaceae is compared to that of two species of Moringaceae, recently designated the sister family of Caricaceae. Although the wood and bark of Moringa oleifera, a treelike species, differ from those of Caricaceae, wood and bark of the stem succulent M. hildebrandtii, the habit of which resembles those in Caricaceae, simulate wood and bark of Caricaceae closely. Counterparts to laticifers in Moringaceae are uncertain, however. Phloem fibers of Caricaceae form an expansible peripheral cylinder of mechanical tissue that correlates with the stem succulence of most species of Caricaceae.

Localization of phenols and polyphenol oxidase in 'Jewel' sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas 'Jewel')

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1961-1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Schadel ◽  
W. M. Walter Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Polyphenol Oxidase ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Root Tissue ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Histochemical Tests ◽  
Xylem Elements

Histochemical tests for phenols and polyphenol oxidase were performed on fresh root tissue of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. 'Jewel.' The phenolic compounds were localized in the phellem, phellogen, and phelloderm, in approximately 1 mm (ca. 10–15 cells) of the tissue directly beneath the periderm, in the latex of laticifers, in the phloem, in the cambium which separates the secondary phloem from the secondary xylem, in the anomalous secondary cambia of the central core, in the parenchyma cells adjacent to the xylem elements, and in the walls of the xylem elements. Polyphenol oxidase was localized primarily in the phellogen and phelloderm and most prominently in the latex of laticifers.

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