CHEMICAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE ICLUSION OF AMARANTHACEAE AND CHENOPODIACEAE INTO ONE FAMILY AMARANTHACEAE JUSS. (s.l.)

In this study, separation of chemical compounds using Thin layer chromatography technique revealed close relationship between the studied members of the newly constructed family Amaranthaceae Juss. (s.l.). 68% of the calculated affinities between the studied species are above 50% which is an indication for close relationships. 90% is the chemical affinities reported between Chenopodium murale and three species of the genus Amaranthus despite of their great morphological diversity. Among the selected members of the chenopodiaceae, Chenopodium murale and Suaeda monoica are the most closely related species to all of the studied Amaranthaceae . 60%-88% and 54%-88% chemical affinities were reported for the two species with the Amaranthaceae members respectively. GC-Mass analysis of methanolic extracts of the studied species identified 20 compounds common between different species. 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-,2-hydroxy-1 and 7-Hexadecenal,(Z)- are the major components common between Amaranthus graecizans, Digera muricata Aerva javanica Gomphrena celosioides of the historical family Amaranthaceae and Suaeda monoica Salsola vermiculata Chenopodium murale Cornulaca monocantha of the historical family Chenopodiaceae, Most of the identified compounds are of pharmaceutical importance such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory , and Anti-cancerous. KEYWORDS: Chemical affinity; TLC; GC- Mass analysis; Amarancaceae; Chenopodiaceae

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Gomphrena celosioides Mart. using response surface methodology

In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was used to extract bioactive compounds from Gomphrena celosioides Mart. Central composite face design (CCF) was used to optimize the influences of extraction factors on total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging capacity (DPPH-RSC). The results obtained showed that all factors (solvent to solid ratio, extraction time and extraction temperature) strongly affected TPC, TFC, and DPPH-RSC. The optimal extraction conditions for TPC (3.123 mg GAE/g DW), TFC (1.736 mg QE/g DW), and DPPH-RSC (64.118%) were solvent to solid ratio of 27.3/1 (mL/g), extraction time of 40.2 min, and extraction temperature of 69 oC. In addition, under the optimal conditions, the results pointed out that the experimental values agreed with those predicted. Hence, this model has successfully optimized the extraction conditions for TPC, TFC and DPPH-RSC of Gomphrena celosioides extract. KEY WORDS: Antioxidant activity, CCF, Flavonoids, Model, Phenolic compounds, Regression equation Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2020, 34(2), 237-248 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v34i2.3

Antiarthritic and Antihyperalgesic Properties of Ethanolic Extract from Gomphrena celosioides Mart. (Amaranthaceae) Aerial Parts

Gomphrena celosioides Mart. (Amaranthaceae) is used in folk medicine as a natural analgesic, and in Brazil, the species of genus Gomphrena is used for rheumatism. However, scientific evidence which supports its popular use as an analgesic is scarce. This study assessed the antiarthritic and antihyperalgesic activities of the ethanolic extract obtained from G. celosioides aerial parts on Swiss or C57BL/6 mice. The antiarthritic and antihyperalgesic potential of Gomphrena celosioides was evaluated using paw edema, mechanical hyperalgesia, cold allodynia, carrageenan-induced pleurisy, articular inflammation zymosan-induced, Freund’s complete adjuvant-induced inflammation zymosan-induced peritonitis, and carrageenan-induced adhesion and rolling experiment models. All doses of G. celosioides (300, 700, and 1000 mg/kg) significantly reduced edema formation in all the intervals evaluated, whereas the mechanical hyperalgesia was reduced 3 hours after the carrageenan injection. The cold hyperalgesia was significantly decreased 3 (700 mg/kg) and 4 hours (700 and 1000 mg/kg) after the carrageenan injection. Ethanolic extract of G. celosioides at 1000 mg/kg reduced the total leukocyte number, without interfering in the protein extravasation in carrageenan-induced pleurisy model. Ethanolic extract of G. celosioides (300 mg/kg) was also able to reduce significantly the leukocyte migration in zymosan-induced articular edema, while a reduction of the adhesion and migration and leukocyte rolling was induced by the ethanolic extract of G. celosioides (300 mg/kg) in zymosan-induced peritonitis. In Freund’s complete adjuvant-induced inflammation model, an edema formation and mechanical hyperalgesia reduction were induced by the ethanolic extract of G. celosioides on day 22, whereas the cold allodynia was reduced on day 6 of treatment with the extract. These results show that ethanolic extract of G. celosioides has antihyperalgesic and antiarthritic potential in different acute and persistent models, explaining, at least in part, the ethnopharmacological relevance of this plant as a natural analgesic agent.

Evaluation of Phytochemical and Antioxidant Activity of Gomphrena celosioides Mart. Grown in Tien Giang Province, Vietnam

Gomphrena celosioides Mart. is well known for its medicinal values worldwide. In this study, three extracts, viz. diethyl ether extract (DEE), ethanolic extract (EE) and aqueous extract (AE), were successively obtained from the leaves and stem of Gomphrena celosioides to determine the polyphenol and flavonoid content in this plant. A wide variety of pharmacologically active compounds such as alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid, saponin, tannin and polyphenol compounds were present in Gomphrena celosioides. The results of quantitative determination showed that total polyphenol content of DEE, EE and AE reached 35.35 ± 1.47, 250.17 ± 2.95 and 133.92 ± 3.17 mgGAE/g, respectively. Moreover, total flavonoid content of the DEE, EE and AE was 23.21 ± 1.87, 50.74 ± 2.32 and 27.25 ± 1.34 mgQE/g, respectively. In comparison with DEE and AE, the ethanolic extract exhibited the highest DPPH (IC50 = 13.29 ± 0.10 μg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 = 6.3 ± 0.11 μg/mL).