scholarly journals Around 1948: The “Gentle Revolution” and Art History

2019 ◽  
pp. 137-160
Author(s):  
Anna Markowska
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Socialist Realism ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
Art Historians ◽  
Social Comfort ◽  
To Come ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The Revolution

Just like after World War I Italy experienced a transition from modernism to fascism, after World II Poland experienced a passage from modernism to quasi-communism. The symbol of the first stage of the communist revolution in Poland right after the war, the so-called “gentle revolution,” was Pablo Picasso, whose work was popularized not so much because of its artistic value, but because of his membership in the communist party. The second, repressive stage of the continued came in 1949–1955, to return after the so-called thaw to Picasso and the exemplars of the École de Paris. However, the imagery of the revolution was associated only with the socialist realism connected to the USSR even though actually it was the adaptation of the École de Paris that best expressed the revolution’s victory. In the beginning, its moderate program, strongly emphasizing the national heritage as well as financial promises, made the cultural offer of the communist regime quite attractive not only for the left. Thus, the gentle revolution proved to be a Machiavellian move, disseminating power to centralize it later more effectively. On the other hand, the return to the Paris exemplars resulted in the aestheticization of radical and undemocratic changes. The received idea that the evil regime was visualized only by the ugly socialist realism is a disguise of the Polish dream of innocence and historical purity, while it was the war which gave way to the revolution, and right after the war artists not only played games with the regime, but gladly accepted social comfort guaranteed by authoritarianism. Neither artists, nor art historians started a discussion about the totalizing stain on modernity and the exclusion of the other. Even the folk art was instrumentalized by the state which manipulated folk artists to such an extent that they often lost their original skills. Horrified by the war atrocities and their consequences, art historians limited their activities to the most urgent local tasks, such as making inventories of artworks, reorganization of institutions, and reconstruction. Mass expropriation, a consequence of the revolution, was not perceived by museum personnel as a serious problem, since thanks to it museums acquired more and more exhibits, while architects and restorers could implement their boldest plans. The academic and social neutralization of expropriation favored the birth of a new human being, which was one of the goals of the revolution. Along the ethnic homogenization of society, focusing on Polish art meant getting used to monophony. No cultural opposition to the authoritarian ideas of modernity appeared – neither the École de Paris as a paradigm of the high art, nor the folklore manipulated by the state were able to come up with the ideas of the weak subject or counter-history. Despite the social revolution, the class distinction of ethnography and high art remained unchanged. 

scholarly journals Wokół roku 1948: „rewolucja łagodna” i historia sztuki

2019 ◽  
pp. 367-391
Author(s):  
Anna Markowska
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Socialist Realism ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
World War ◽  
Art Historians ◽  
Social Comfort ◽  
The Revolution

Just like after World War I Italy experienced a transition from modernism to fascism, after World War II Poland experienced a passage from modernism to quasi-communism. The symbol of the first stage of the communist revolution in Poland right after the war, the so-called “gentle revolution,” was Pablo Picasso, whose work was popularized not so much because of its artistic value, but because of his membership in the communist party. The second, repressive stage of the continued came in 1949–1955, to return after the so-called thaw to Picasso and the exemplars of the École de Paris. However, the imagery of the revolution was associated only with the socialist realism connected to the USSR even though actually it was the adaptation of the École de Paris that best expressed the revolution’s victory. In the beginning, its moderate program, strongly emphasizing the national heritage as well as financial promises, made the cultural offer of the communist regime quite attractive not only for the left. Thus, the gentle revolution proved to be a Machiavellian move, disseminating power to centralize it later more effectively. On the other hand, the return to the Paris exemplars resulted in the aestheticization of radical and undemocratic changes. The received idea that the evil regime was visualized only by the ugly socialist realism is a disguise of the Polish dream of innocence and historical purity, while it was the war which gave way to the revolution, and right after the war artists not only played games with the regime, but gladly accepted social comfort guaranteed by authoritarianism. Neither artists, nor art historians started a discussion about the totalizing stain on modernity and the exclusion of the other. Even the folk art was instrumentalized by the state which manipulated folk artists to such an extent that they often lost their original skills. Horrified by the war atrocities and their consequences, art historians limited their activities to the most urgent local tasks, such as making inventories of artworks, reorganization of institutions, and reconstruction. Mass expropriation, a consequence of the revolution, was not perceived by museum personnel as a serious problem, since thanks to it museums acquired more and more exhibits, while architects and restorers could implement their boldest plans. The academic and social neutralization of expropriation favored the birth of a new human being, which was one of the goals of the revolution. Along the ethnic homogenization of society, focusing on Polish art meant getting used to monophony. No cultural opposition to the authoritarian ideas of modernity appeared – neither the École de Paris as a paradigm of the high art, nor the folklore manipulated by the state were able to come up with the ideas of the weak subject or counter-history. Despite the social revolution, the class distinction of ethnography and high art remained unchanged.

The Ministry of Asiatic Russia: The Colonial Office That Never Was But Might Have Been

Slavic Review ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willard Sunderland
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Colonial Empire ◽  
Resettlement Administration ◽  
Colonial Office ◽  
The Revolution

The late tsarist state was a colonial empire, Willard Sunderland argues, yet it never established a colonial ministry like the other colonial empires of the era. Sunderland asks why this was the case and proposes that, while there are many explanations for Russia's apparent uniqueness in institutional terms, historians should also consider how the country's institutional development in fact approximated western and broader international models. The late imperial government indeed never ruled through a colonial ministry, but an office of this sort—a Ministry of Asiatic Russia—might have been created if World War I and the revolution had not intervened. Sunderland sees the embryo of this possibility in the Resettlement Administration, which emerged as a leading center of Russian technocratic colonialism by the turn of the 1900s.

scholarly journals THE NON-GOVERNAMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE „DUNĂREA DE JOS” REGION

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-218
Author(s):  
Valerica CELMARE ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
New Associations ◽  
Start Up ◽  
The Law ◽  
To Come ◽  
Significant Spread ◽  
Statistical Indicators ◽  
The Revolution

After the revolution in 1989, the romanian society was met with a new fenomenon, that of building new associations and foundations, institutions that were meant to come to the local communities' aid by offering services that the authorities could not. Although marked by ethnic and religious diversity, the Dunarea de Jos region is known throughout history as a well-established and coherent community, that managed in time to create new mechanisms for solving collective needs. If during the period between the two world wars, the association phenomenon had a significant spread and grandeur, after the communist regime was instilled, this phenomenon stopped even thought the law that regulated the start-up of associations and foundations was not abolished. The following article is proposing the realisation of an xray of the construction of nongovernmental associations in the „Dunarea de Jos” region in the postdecembrist period, keeping in mind the subsequent objectives: the identity of the organisations constructed in the studied region (after the revolution in december 1989), the breakdown of the active NGO profiles of the „Dunarea de Jos” region, and the analysis of the phenomenon based on some statistical indicators.

scholarly journals THE PUSH FOR THE DIGITALIZATION OF THE COURTS IN THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION, IN THE WAKE OF COVID 19 AND ITS SOCIAL IMPACT

2022 ◽  
pp. 70-72
Author(s):  
Dr. N Jayarama Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Social Impact ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Indian Constitution ◽  
Human Conduct ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
The World ◽  
Court Proceedings ◽  
To Come

According to Salmond ‘Law may be defined as the body of principles Recognized and applied by the state in the administration of justice. We cannot Imagine our life without the law as it also governs the human conduct in day to day life, In a young democracy like that of democracy the Importance of Judiciary is Magnified, although it has its flaws, the Indian judiciary, especially the higher judiciary, has come through for the citizens more often than not, Things changed when the pandemic that struck the world in 2019 made its presence in India as well. It brought the life to standstill, like everything and everyone the judiciary was also affected by the deadly virus too, there was delay in justice, when the most foundational mandate of an institution is not being fulfilled, and its credibility will be called into question. On the other hand the Pandemic has blessed the judiciary in many ways, Indian judiciary has always lacked behind when it came to digital access, and digitalization was limited only to those people who wanted to access individual cases. The court proceedings were still based on old aged approach, however like it forced everyone hand to embrace a new way of living , the Pandemic forced the Indian judiciary to come out of its shell.

scholarly journals A few words about the state of the Russian medical periodicals in 1922

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-110
Author(s):  
V. G.
Keyword(s):  
Small Volume ◽  
The State ◽  
Quantitative Aspect ◽  
Medical Journals ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Russian Scientific ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
To Come ◽  
Russian Medical ◽  
The Revolution

The war, the revolution and the economic devastation that followed them dealt a heavy blow to the Russian scientific press in general and the Russian medical press in particular. others, after several attempts to come out in a reduced size, they completely ceased to appear in the light. But our scientific medical thought did not die out. Despite the extremely difficult external conditions, it continued to work hard, and as a result, as soon as the slightest opportunity arose, medical journals and newspapers began to reappear in various scientific centers of Russia. and of a special nature. Strictly speaking, there were too many of them in the coming year, if we take into account the available scientific forces and material resources of the country namely, over 50 and, naturally, the quantitative aspect of the matter turned out to be at the expense of the qualitative one. Many of these journals were published in the reporting year in the amount of only 2-3 of a very small volume. not able to boast of either their content or their appearance. Hopefully, they are just seeds from which lush sprouts will subsequently develop.

think that the clouds are going to get worse and turn to rain. Such an assump-tion is of a very standard sort and would probably be the first to come to mind. The old man can thus be reasonably confident that, prompted by his behaviour, she will have no difficulty in deciding that this is what he believes. If it were not manifest to the old man that it was going to rain, it would be hard to explain his behaviour at all. The girl thus has reason to think that in drawing her atten-tion to the clouds, he intended to make manifest to her that he believed it was going to rain. As a result of this act of ostension, she now has some information that was not available to her before: that he thinks it is going to rain, and hence that there is a genuine risk of rain. In this example, the state of affairs that the old man drew the girl’s attention to had been partly manifest to her, and partly not. The presence of the clouds and the fact that clouds may always turn to rain had been manifest and merely became more so. However, until that moment she had regarded the fact that the weather was beautiful as strong evidence that it would not rain. The risk of rain in that particular situation was not manifest to her at all. In other words, the clouds were already evidence of oncoming rain, but evidence that was much too weak. The old man made that evidence much stronger by pointing it out; as his intentions became manifest, the assumption that it would rain became manifest too. Sometimes, all the evidence displayed in an act of ostension bears directly on the agent’s intentions. In these cases, only by discovering the agent’s intentions can the audience also discover, indirectly, the basic information that the agent intended to make manifest. The relation between the evidence produced and the basic information conveyed is arbitrary. The same piece of evidence can be used, on different occasions, to make manifest different assumptions, even mutually in-consistent assumptions, as long as it makes manifest the intention behind the ostension. Here is an example. Two prisoners, from different tribes with no common language, are put in a quarry to work back to back breaking rocks. Suddenly, prisoner A starts putting some distinct rhythm into the sound of his hammer – one–two–three, one–two, one–two–three, one–two – a rhythm that is both arbi-trary and noticeable enough to attract the attention of prisoner B. This arbitrary pattern in the way the rocks are being broken has no direct relevance for B. However, there are grounds for thinking that it has been intentionally produced, and B might ask himself what A’s intentions were in producing it. One plausible assumption is that this is a piece of ostensive behaviour: that is, that A intended B to notice the pattern. This would in turn make manifest A’s desire to interact with B, which in the circumstances would be relevant enough. Here is a more substantial example. Prisoners A and B are at work in their quarry, each with a guard at his shoulder, when suddenly the attention of the guards is distracted. Both prisoners realise that they have a good chance of escaping, but only if they can co-ordinate their attack and overpower their guards simultaneously. Here, it is clear what information would be relevant: each wants to know when the other will start the attack. Prisoner A suddenly whistles, the prisoners overpower their guards and escape. Again, there is no need for a pre-

2005 ◽  
pp. 157-157
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Good Chance ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Plausible Assumption ◽  
Direct Relevance ◽  
To Come ◽  
State Of Affairs

In the Beginning was the Codex: the Early Church and its Revolutionary Books

2004 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Stuart G. Hall
Keyword(s):  
History Of The Book ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Church ◽  
Book Production ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
History Of ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Revolution

A revolution in book-production marked the beginning of the Church. Almost all literary works were written on scrolls (or roll-books), and were read by unrolling from one hand to the other. It was and remains the obligatory form of the Jewish Torah-scroll. The revolution replaced the roll with the codex or leaf-book of papyrus or parchment: ‘the most momentous development in the history of the book until the invention of printing’. A quire or quires of papyrus or parchment, folded and bound at the back, produced the kind of book with pages familiar to us.

An anatomy of innovation: its evolution and present state

1982 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 175-191
Author(s):  
Willem Dijkhuis
Keyword(s):  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Present State ◽  
Information Age ◽  
The State ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Innovative Process ◽  
To Come

All truly relevant thinking about innovation presupposes an attitude towards the passing of time and implies an awareness of the state of the threads within the fabric of societies as they existed before they were changed by innovation. Both this attitude and this awareness are based largely on information as digested by the student of innovation over his years as a reflecting individual. On the other hand. and more directly, one can show that information and its links with language also play the role of a necessary condition and ingredient for any mnova tion to come about in specific temporal settings. These Janus-like aspects of information and time as they are embedded in the innovative processes may be key reasons for the elusive characteristics that technological innovation presently seems to have for policy- and decision-makers. A sense for the effects of history, not always easily traceable in R & D circles, seems to be indispensable for the creation of fertilising assessments of the evolution, present state and future of innovative process - particularly in an age which takes pride in calling itself the 'information age'.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Mariano Croce ◽  
Marco Goldoni
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Community ◽  
The Other ◽  
Radical Pluralism ◽  
Worth Reading ◽  
To Come ◽  
Intrinsic Dynamic

Chapter abstract: The Introduction explains why it is worth reading Santi Romano’s, Carl Schmitt’s, and Costantino Mortati’s theories against each other. They advanced prototypical solutions to the problem of radical pluralism and how the state could deal with nonstate normative entities. Theirs were seminal reflections on the destiny of the state vis-à-vis the rise of nonstate bodies that rejected the myth of modern statehood and claimed jurisdictional and legislative autonomy. On one hand, these authors’ theories are related to each other as they recognize that the proliferation of normativity is an intrinsic dynamic of social life. On the other, they came to altogether different conclusions on how this dynamic should be governed in order for a political community to come into existence and continue to exist. The Introduction finally elucidates why and in what sense these eminent versions of classic legal institutionalism are key to understanding today’s pluralism.

Iran’s Policy towards Jewish Iranians and the State of Israel. Is the Present Iranian State Islamofascist?

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 370-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katajun Amirpur
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
The State ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
The World ◽  
Iranian State ◽  
To Come ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Hostile Attitude ◽  
The Revolution

Ever since his inauguration in 2005, Iranian president Maḥmūd Aḥmadīnezhād keeps the world on its toes with his attacks against Israel. One could easily come to the conclusion that anti-Semitism and a hostile attitude towards Jews are deeply rooted in Iranian society. Moreover one could assume that the present Iranian state has to be called Islamofascist. To come to a sounder judgment, this article looks at the situation of the Jewish Iranians—present and past—and asks how the different regimes, before as well as after the revolution, treated the Jewish minority. Iran counting today some 25,000 Jews harbors the biggest Jewish community in the Middle East with the evident exception of the State of Israel.

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