scholarly journals Reformy szkolne w pierwszej połowie XIX wieku

2019 ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
Lidia Pawelec
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
School Reforms ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Russian Part ◽  
Present Text

The present text outlines the school reforms carried out in the first half of the nineteenth century. As the timeframe suggests, these reforms were launched and implemented by the then authorities of the Duchy of Warsaw and the Russian authorities administering the Russian part of partitioned Poland. The author attempts to indicate the most important goals and assumptions of thereforms as well as their immediate educational and social consequences. The text is far from being a comprehensive description of the problem but rather serves as an introduction to the substance of the issue under investigation and its political and economic conditioning.

‘Actual pinching and suffering’: Estate Responses to Poverty in Sutherland, 1845–86

2011 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Tindley
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Public Image ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Poor Law ◽  
North West ◽  
The People

Despite the period after the Great Highland Famine being labelled by some historians as a period of relative prosperity for the crofting and cottar community of north-west Sutherland, poverty and occasional destitution remained the norm. This article examines the structural causes and social consequences of this recurring pattern, principally from the perspective of the owners and managers of the Sutherland estate. The views of those factors ‘on the ground’ revolved around the organisation of immediate assistance for the people, as well as a fear of a ‘dependency’ culture being the permanent result of landlord charitable aid. These views clashed with those of the estate commissioner and ducal family, who were concerned with their public image, especially in the wake of unfavourable comment on the clearances. These contrasting views were further complicated by contemporary debates about charity and Poor Law reform which, although often metropolitan in focus, had a direct impact on the Sutherland estate's response to destitution in the mid-nineteenth century.

scholarly journals REASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FIREARMS IN CENTRAL AFRICA: THE CASE OF NORTH-WESTERN ZAMBIA TO THE 1920S

2010 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
GIACOMO MACOLA
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Gun Control ◽  
Control Laws ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Military Applications ◽  
North Western

ABSTRACTBased on a close examination of European travelogues and the evidence produced in the wake of the formulation of colonial gun policies, this article contends that the significance of firearms in Central Africa in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries has been unduly played down in the existing literature. The first substantive section of the article charts the movement of the gun frontier in nineteenth-century north-western Zambia. It foregrounds the new technology's economic and military applications, the means through which north-western Zambians overcame some at least of its limitations, and the plurality of innovative social roles that they attributed to it. Successive sections centre on the pervasiveness of gun-running in the early twentieth century and the implementation and profound social consequences of gun control laws.

scholarly journals O BRASIL DE WEECH E BÖSCHE EM SEUS RELATOS DE VIAGEM

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 05
Author(s):  
Marcos Antônio Witt
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Publishing Houses ◽  
Present Text

O presente texto tem como objetivo comparar as obras “A agricultura, o comércio e o sistema de colonização no Brasil”, de Friedrich von Weech, e “Quadros alternados”, de Eduard Theodor Bösche, publicadas originalmente em 1828 e 1836, na Alemanha, pela Editora Hoffmann und Campe, de Hamburgo. Ambos os livros foram reeditados em 2017 e 2014, respectivamente, pelas Editoras Unisinos e Oikos, do Brasil, com edição revista e ampliada. Em termos metodológicos, o uso da História Comparada permitiu que se aprofundasse a análise sobre a construção da imagem do Brasil e o quanto os relatos de viagem influenciaram na decisão de emigrar para a América, especialmente para o Brasil. Os resultados alcançados demonstram que as editoras e os leitores alemães estavam ávidos por este tipo de literatura, veiculado na forma de livros e/ou de fascículos encartados nos jornais da Europa do Oitocentos. Deste modo, os escritos de Weech e Bösche circularam por diversos ambientes – lares, comércio, praças, departamentos públicos – construindo determinadas imagens sobre o Brasil. Assim, é possível analisá-los sob o prisma dos relatos de viagem.Palavras-chave: Alemanha. Brasil. Eduard Theodor Bösche. Friedrich von Weech. Relatos de viagem.ABSTRACTThis present text aims to compare the writings “The agriculture, the trade and the system of colonization in Brazil “, written by Friedrich von Weech, and “ Alternate Pictures”, by Eduard Theodor Bösche, originally published in 1828 and 1836, in Germany, by the Hoffmann und Campe publishing house. Both books were reissued in 2017 and 2014, respectively, by Unisinos and Oikos publishing companies of Brazil, with revised and expanded edition. In methodological terms, the use of Compared History allowed a deeper analysis about the construction of the image of Brazil and of how much the travel reports influenced in the decision to immigrate to America, especially to Brazil. The results reached demonstrated that the publishing houses and the German readers were avid for this kind of literature, presented in the form of books and\or inserted booklets in European newspapers from the nineteenth century. In this way, it is possible to analyze them from the perspective of the travel reports.Keywords: Germany. Brazil. Eduard Theodor Bösche. Friedrich von Weech. Travel reports.

Socialism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Keat ◽  
John O’Neill
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Well Being ◽  
State Ownership ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Industrial Capitalism ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Common Ownership ◽  
Socialist Movement ◽  
Means Of Production

While socialist ideas may retrospectively be identified in many earlier forms of protest and rebellion against economic injustice and political oppression, socialism both as a relatively coherent theoretical doctrine and as an organized political movement had its origins in early nineteenth-century Europe, especially in Britain, France and Germany. It was, above all, a critical response to early industrial capitalism, to an unregulated market economy in which the means of production were privately owned and propertyless workers were forced to sell their labour power to capitalists for often meagre wages. The evils of this system seemed manifest to its socialist critics. Not only was the relationship between workers and capitalists inherently exploitative, and the commodification of labour an affront to human dignity, but it generated widespread poverty and recurrent unemployment, massive and unjust inequalities of wealth and economic power, degrading and soul-destroying work, and an increasingly atomized and individualistic society. Socialists were not alone in criticizing some of these features of industrial capitalism and its accompanying ideology of economic liberalism. In particular, antipathy towards individualism was also a characteristic of conservative thought. But whereas conservatives found their inspiration in the hierarchically structured organic communities of the past, and were deeply hostile to the political radicalism of the French Revolution, socialists looked forward to new forms of community consistent with the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity. For them, the evils of capitalism could be overcome only by replacing private with public or common ownership of the means of production, abolishing wage labour and creating a classless society where production geared to capitalist profits gave way to socially organized production for the satisfaction of human needs. In such a society, the human potential for a genuinely ‘social’ mode of existence would be realized, with mutual concern for others’ well-being rather than unbridled pursuit of self-interest, with cooperation for common ends rather than competition for individual ones, and with generosity and sharing rather than greed and acquisitiveness – a truly human community. For most nineteenth-century socialist theorists, the historic task of creating such a society was assigned to the organized industrial working class; most notably by Marx, the pre-eminent figure in the history of socialism. It was Marx who (along with Engels) provided the socialist movement not only with a theoretically sophisticated economic analysis of capitalism and a biting critique of its social consequences, but also, through his scientific, materialist theory of historical development, with the confident belief that the inherent contradictions and class antagonisms of capitalism would eventually give birth to a socialist society. In marked contrast to such earlier optimism, contemporary socialists are faced with the continued resilience of capitalist societies and the demise of at least nominally socialist regimes in the former Soviet Union and elsewhere, regimes in which state ownership and centralized planning had been accompanied by political repression and economic failure. For those who reject the idea that a suitably regulated form of welfare capitalism is the most that can be hoped for, the task is to construct some alternative model of a socialist economy which is preferable to this yet avoids the ills of centralized state socialism.

Family Structure and Economic Change in Nineteenth-Century Europe

1955 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Habakkuk
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Family Structure ◽  
Economic Change ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
The Social

The scholars of continental Europe have devoted much attention to the social consequences of rules and customs of inheritance, and there exists a large body of work on this subject by lawyers and agricultural historians. The purpose of this paper is to consider, in the light of this European evidence, the possible significance of such rules and customs for economic development in the nineteenth century.

scholarly journals Drink and Sobriety in England 1815–1872

1967 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Work Situation ◽  
Sunday Morning ◽  
Directed Attention ◽  
Saturday Night ◽  
Conflicting Interests

Social historians studying nineteenth-century England tend to concentrate on the work-situation, and therefore on the conflicting interests of employer and employee. Dr John Vincent, however, has recently directed attention to the popular basis of nineteenth-century Liberalism; this brings into the forefront quite different social alignments – especially when conflicts over religion and recreation are investigated. Popular radicalism “was the product of the leisure of Saturday night and Sunday morning, the pothouse and the chapel, not of the working week”. This shift in interest brings the drink question to the fore, as several scholars have already realised: “it would be hard to say why historians have not rated the effect of strong drink as the significant factor in nineteenth-century history that it undoubtedly was”, wrote Dr Kitson Clark recently; “its importance stands out from every page of the contemporary record”. W. L. Burn thought it “arguable” that the Beer Act of 1830 was “more revolutionary in its immediate social consequences than any other of the reforming age”.

scholarly journals Match-Making in Britain from 1827 to 1910: The Dangers of White Phosphorus in Lucifer Match Production

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise Lehmann
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
White Phosphorus ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
British Government ◽  
Deadly Disease

Throughout the nineteenth century the British match-making industry used white phosphorus in the production of lucifer matches, despite the knowledge taht the chemical could cause a deadly disease known as phosphorus necrosis. Until the 1890s, due to cover-ups made by match-making companies, the British government was unaware of the scale of phosphorus necrosis cases and had been led to believe that the chemical was being used safely. However, even after journalists exposed the truth, the British government and match-making companies were still unwilling to ban white phosphorus because of the economic and social consequences of shutting down lucifer match production. It was not until a chemical alternative was found that both the match-making industry and the British government were prepared to ban the use of white phosphorus. 

Socialism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John O’Neill
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
State Ownership ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Industrial Capitalism ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Common Ownership ◽  
Socialist Movement ◽  
Economic Injustice ◽  
Means Of Production

While socialist ideas may retrospectively be identified in many earlier forms of protest and rebellion against economic injustice and political oppression, socialism both as a relatively coherent theoretical doctrine and as an organized political movement had its origins in early nineteenth-century Europe, especially in Britain, France and Germany. It was, above all, a critical response to early industrial capitalism, to an unregulated market economy in which the means of production were privately owned and propertyless workers were forced to sell their labour power to capitalists for often meagre wages. The evils of this system seemed manifest to its socialist critics. Not only was the relationship between workers and capitalists inherently exploitative, and the commodification of labour an affront to human dignity, but it generated widespread poverty and recurrent unemployment, massive and unjust inequalities of wealth and economic power, degrading and soul-destroying work, and an increasingly atomized and individualistic society. Socialists were not alone in criticizing some of these features of industrial capitalism and its accompanying ideology of economic liberalism. In particular, antipathy towards individualism was also a characteristic of conservative thought. But whereas conservatives found their inspiration in the hierarchically structured organic communities of the past, and were deeply hostile to the political radicalism of the French Revolution, socialists looked forward to new forms of community consistent with the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity. For them, the evils of capitalism could be overcome only by replacing private with public or common ownership of the means of production, abolishing wage labour and creating a classless society where production geared to capitalist profits gave way to socially organized production for the satisfaction of human needs. In such a society, the human potential for a genuinely ‘social’ mode of existence would be realized, with mutual concern for others’ wellbeing rather than unbridled pursuit of self-interest, with cooperation for common ends rather than competition for individual ones, and with generosity and sharing rather than greed and acquisitiveness – a truly human community. For most nineteenth-century socialist theorists, the historic task of creating such a society was assigned to the organized industrial working class; most notably by Marx, the pre-eminent figure in the history of socialism. It was Marx who (along with Engels) provided the socialist movement not only with a theoretically sophisticated economic analysis of capitalism and a biting critique of its social consequences, but also, through his scientific, materialist theory of historical development, with the confident belief that the inherent contradictions and class antagonisms of capitalism would eventually give birth to a socialist society. In marked contrast to such earlier optimism, contemporary socialists are faced with the continued resilience of capitalist societies and the collapse of at least nominally socialist regimes in the USSR and elsewhere, regimes in which state ownership and centralized planning have been accompanied by political repression and economic failure. For those who reject the idea that a suitably regulated form of welfare capitalism is the most that can be hoped for, the task is to construct some alternative model of a socialist economy which is preferable to this yet avoids the evils of centralized state socialism.

Sin, Repentance, and Confession in Nineteenth-Century American Protestant Polemics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick W. Carey
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Episcopal Church ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Justification By Faith ◽  
Historical Issues ◽  
Confession Of Sins

This chapter describes the American Protestant reactions to the Catholic understanding of sacramental confession. That reaction is analyzed within the context of the heritage of the Protestant Reformation’s understandings of sin, repentance, and confession. The chapter demonstrates how the Protestant Episcopal Church in the late eighteenth century and American Lutherans in the early nineteenth century transformed the inherited Anglican and Lutheran traditions on the confession of sins to a priest or pastor. In the nineteenth century, sacramental confession became a central polemic issue, because for American Protestants that doctrine seemed to violate the Protestant understanding of justification by faith alone. The Protestant polemic was based on biblical, theological, legal, disciplinary, and historical issues. But, in some cases, the polemic made sensational charges on the immoral and evil political and social consequences of the practice of sacramental confession. Salacious accounts of confessional practice became a part of the polemical record.

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