Intraspecific variation may be continuous, or it may be quantized, if the number of structures present is always an integer. If there is some modal number of structures present in almost all individuals, variation is said to be modal. A developmental process is defined as one of ‘simple quantization’ if, first, it gives rise to an integral number of structures, and secondly, if the number of structures formed depends on the ratio between two continuous variables, for example the field size and the chemical wavelength in the model suggested by Turing (1952). Whether variation is quantized or modal will then depend on the accuracy with which these continuous variables are regulated. The larger the modal number, the more accurate must this regulation be. Data on the range of continuous variation within animal populations sug­gest that simple quantization cannot give rise to modal numbers greater than about 5 to 7. Yet modal numbers of 30 or more occur. Three processes which might account for this dis­crepancy are suggested, and evidence is presented to show that two of them occur. These are ‘multiplicative’ processes, involving successive processes of simple quantization, and ‘chemical counting’ processes, depending on qualitative differences between successively formed structures. The relevance of processes of quantization to the genesis of two-dimensional patterns is discussed.


1965 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Owen ◽  
P. W. Ogilvie

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Zhong Tang ◽  
Meilin Wang ◽  
Haotian Zhang ◽  
Yuepeng Zhou ◽  
Yu Li

During the rice-threshing process, straws always attached to a threshing cylinder and induced vibration and modal variation. In this paper, the constraint and threshing modals of the threshing cylinder were tested under idling and load conditions, and the causes of vibration and modal variation were explained. Based on the constraint and modal of the threshing cylinder, the vibration amplitudes and frequencies undergoing rice threshing were tested and analyzed. Results showed that mass of straws decreased gradually with the separation of rice grains and straws. And there was a nonuniform change in the circumferential resistance of the threshing cylinder. The fluctuating torque, speed, and frequencies during threshing process would cause vibration of the threshing cylinder. During rice-threshing process, the other natural frequencies were greater than the excitation frequency. With the accumulation of a large amount of straws, the threshing modal frequencies of the tangential threshing cylinder increased. The threshing bars caused vibration of the tangential threshing cylinder in the left and right direction mainly at two frequencies. At idling state of no-load, the vibration frequency 42.97 Hz of the tangential threshing cylinder in X direction was close to the constraint modal frequency 41.58 Hz. The eccentric load caused the excitation frequency to increase during the rice-threshing process. The vibration frequency was also closely related to the threshing modal. The tangential threshing cylinder with low vibration characteristics could be designed by using the eccentric vibration characteristics during the threshing process.


1994 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Mishoe ◽  
Michael Montgomery

10.34690/85 ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 52-73
Author(s):  
Евгений Борисович Трембовельский

В данной статье рассматриваются принципы ладового развития в небольших произведениях и построениях. В избранных для анализа миниатюрной песне Листа «Радость и горе», четырехтактном фрагменте из «Хованщины» и ряде других образцов из музыки Шопена, Римского-Корсакова, Дебюсси, Слонимского, Лигети выявлены такие принципы модального и тонального становления, как сохранение или пополнение звукоряда, взаимодополняемость модусов, тональное и модальное модулирование, сбережение тона, модальная вариантность, отражение в формообразовании логики истории. В статье уточнены некоторые аспекты теории лада через призму концепций в области гармонии двух представителей санкт-петербургской и московской научных школ. Ощущение противоборства и непримиримости их трактовок создалось отчасти после острых формулировок Т. Бершадской: «Недоразумение, становящееся традицией»; «Изначальная ошибка популярной концепции». Автору данной статьи, внесшему некоторые корректировки и разъяснения, расхождения сторон представляются, однако, несущественными и даже мнимыми. Понимание лада как бинарной системы позволило в ладовом развитии выделить две его ветви - модальную и тональную, которые, как правило, находятся в тесном взаимосплетении при обычно определяющей роли одной из них. Предпринятые анализы произведений каждой из этих ветвей имеют различия, хоть они и направлены к осмыслению общих методологических принципов, которое для музыковедческой науки остается насущным. This article deals with the principles of modal development in short pieces and structures. The selected for the analysis Liszt's miniature song “Joy and Woe,” a four-beat fragment from “Khovanshchina” and a number of other examples from the music of Chopin, Rimsky-Korsakov, Debussy, Slonimsky, and Ligeti reveal such principles of modal and tonal formation as: preservation or enrichment of the scale, complementarity of the modes, tonal and modal modulation, preservation of tone, modal variation, reflection of the logic of history in creating the musical form. The article clarifies some aspects of the modal theory through the prism of the concepts in the field of harmony as presented by two exponents of St. Petersburg and Moscow schools of music theory. The sentiment of confrontation and irreconcilability of their interpretations was created, in part, by T. Bershadskaya's sharp statements: “Misunderstanding that becomes a tradition,” “The initial mistake of the popular concept.” However, the author of this article, having made some adjustments and clarifications, considers the differences between the parties rather insignificant and even imaginary. The understanding of mode as a binary system made it possible to distinguish two branches in modal development-modal and tonal, which, as a rule, are closely intertwined, with one of them usually playing a determining role. The undertaken analyses of the works by each of these branches have certain differences, although they are aimed at understanding the general methodological principles, which remain essential for musicology.


1961 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 467-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Timothy Whitten

AbstractRegional variations in modal analyses of the Chandos Lake pluton (Ontario) and the Beinn an Dubhaich granite are compared. Trend surface analysis maps for the latter area show a southwest “grain” parallel to the axis about which King (1960) suggested the sheet of granite is folded. The modal data thus appear to confirm King's hypothesis, and to indicate a more mafic base and increase in quartz content upwards through the sheet. The value to petrogenesis of quantitative variation studies of rock masses is briefly discussed.


1978 ◽  
Vol 42 (321) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Ahmed ◽  
B. E. Leake

SummaryThe chemistry and petrography of a meta-ultrabasic lens containing peridotite with poikilitic pyroxenes and hornblende, both of probable igneous origin, are given. The body also contains feldspathic-bearing hornblende meta-gabbros and is a tectonic fragment in hornblende-plagioclase rock belonging to the same Errismore intrusion. Chemical analyses fail to discern any appreciable systematic differentiation trend across the body despite modal variation to hornblende plagioclase layers. The high Niggli mg near the structural bottom of the intrusion suggests that this part of the Errismore intrusion is right way up, contrary to a previous suggestion.


2013 ◽  
Vol 368-370 ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
Xue Dong Xu ◽  
Dong Fei Wang ◽  
Hong Xia Zhang ◽  
Man Xu

The rapid development of urbanization in China brought serious challenges for the rural development and led to the phenomenon of inner-decaying village. Through a on-the-spot investigation, detailed informations of typical villages over the past 30 years are obtained. By the quantitative analysis of the home interview and field measurement data, and interpretation of satellite images, this paper summarizes the shape change regularity of villages in urbanization process, systematically analyzes the causes of inner-decaying village and then proposes solutions of it.


Author(s):  
Emily Paul

A central part of the Christian doctrine of the incarnation is that the Son of God ‘becomes’ incarnate. Furthermore, according to classical theism, God is timeless: He exists ‘outside’ of time, and His life has no temporal stages. A consequence of this ‘atemporalist’ view is that a timeless being cannot undergo intrinsic change—for this requires the being to be one way at one time, and a different way at a later time. How, then, can we understand the central Christian claim that the Son of God ‘becomes’ human? This paper examines one such explanation, drawn from a brief remark by Brian Leftow: the Word takes on flesh by exhibiting modal variation with regards to the incarnation. On this account, a timeless God ‘becomes’ incarnate simply due to variation across logical space: at some possible worlds He is incarnate and at others He is not. Modal variation need not, therefore, require temporality: it only requires variation across (static) possible worlds. I draw out the problems with Leftow’s modal claim under the heads of Ersatzism and Genuine Modal Realism about possible worlds, respectively. I argue that in both instances, Leftow’s desired cross–worldly variation of the Son’s incarnation cannot be achieved.  


2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Askari Ghasempour ◽  
John Kelly ◽  
Matthew W. Muterspaugh ◽  
Michael H. Williamson

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