Chapter 10 Main challenges in 3D printing: Printing speed and biomedical applications

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is regarded as a critical technology in material engineering for biomedical applications. From a previous report, silk fibroin (SF) has been used as a biomaterial for tissue engineering due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity and robust mechanical properties which provide a potential as material for 3D-printing. In this study, SF-based hydrogels with different formulations and SF concentrations (1–3%wt) were prepared by natural gelation (SF/self-gelled), sodium tetradecyl sulfate-induced (SF/STS) and dimyristoyl glycerophosphorylglycerol-induced (SF/DMPG). From the results, 2%wt SF-based (2SF) hydrogels showed suitable properties for extrusion, such as storage modulus, shear-thinning behavior and degree of structure recovery. The 4-layer box structure of all 2SF-based hydrogel formulations could be printed without structural collapse. In addition, the mechanical stability of printed structures after three-step post-treatment was investigated. The printed structure of 2SF/STS and 2SF/DMPG hydrogels exhibited high stability with high degree of structure recovery as 70.4% and 53.7%, respectively, compared to 2SF/self-gelled construct as 38.9%. The 2SF/STS and 2SF/DMPG hydrogels showed a great potential to use as material for 3D-printing due to its rheological properties, printability and structure stability.

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Silicone‐based biomaterials for biomedical applications: Antimicrobial strategies and 3D printing technologies

Journal of Applied Polymer Science ◽

10.1002/app.50969 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 50969

Author(s):

Mina Zare ◽

Erfan Rezvani Ghomi ◽

Prabhuraj D. Venkatraman ◽

Seeram Ramakrishna

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Biomedical Applications

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Test shows 3D printing speed

Metal Powder Report ◽

10.1016/j.mprp.2018.07.015 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 73 (5) ◽

pp. 284

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Printing Speed

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The use of 3D printing in manufacturing anthropomorphic phantoms for biomedical applications

Scripta Scientifica Medicinae Dentalis ◽

10.14748/ssmd.v1i1.1655 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 23 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kristina Bliznakova

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Anthropomorphic Phantoms

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Physico-Chemical Challenges in 3D Printing of Polymeric Nanocomposites and Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications

Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology ◽

10.1166/jnn.2021.19063 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

pp. 2778-2792

Author(s):

Massimo Bonini

Keyword(s):

Additive Manufacturing ◽

3D Printing ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Nanocomposite Materials ◽

Manufacturing Processes ◽

Polymeric Nanocomposites ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Polymeric Hydrogels ◽

Manufacturing Techniques

Additive manufacturing techniques (i.e., 3D printing) are rapidly becoming one of the most popular methods for the preparation of materials to be employed in many different fields, including biomedical applications. The main reason is the unique flexibility resulting from both the method itself and the variety of starting materials, requiring the combination of multidisciplinary competencies for the optimization of the process. In particular, this is the case of additive manufacturing processes based on the extrusion or jetting of nanocomposite materials, where the unique properties of nanomaterials are combined with those of a flowing matrix. This contribution focuses on the physico-chemical challenges typically faced in the 3D printing of polymeric nanocomposites and polymeric hydrogels intended for biomedical applications. The strategies to overcome those challenges are outlined, together with the characterization approaches that could help the advance of the field.

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DLP 3D Printing Meets Lignocellulosic Biopolymers: Carboxymethyl Cellulose Inks for 3D Biocompatible Hydrogels

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12081655 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 1655 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Giuseppe Melilli ◽

Irene Carmagnola ◽

Chiara Tonda-Turo ◽

Fabrizio Pirri ◽

Gianluca Ciardelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

3D Printing ◽

Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Digital Light Processing ◽

Chemically Modified ◽

Significant Step ◽

3D Printed ◽

Biomedical Field

The development of new bio-based inks is a stringent request for the expansion of additive manufacturing towards the development of 3D-printed biocompatible hydrogels. Herein, methacrylated carboxymethyl cellulose (M-CMC) is investigated as a bio-based photocurable ink for digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing. CMC is chemically modified using methacrylic anhydride. Successful methacrylation is confirmed by 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. Aqueous formulations based on M-CMC/lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) photoinitiator and M-CMC/Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)/LAP show high photoreactivity upon UV irradiation as confirmed by photorheology and FTIR. The same formulations can be easily 3D-printed through a DLP apparatus to produce 3D shaped hydrogels with excellent swelling ability and mechanical properties. Envisaging the application of the hydrogels in the biomedical field, cytotoxicity is also evaluated. The light-induced printing of cellulose-based hydrogels represents a significant step forward in the production of new DLP inks suitable for biomedical applications.

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Biomedical applications of 3D printing technologies

Scilight ◽

10.1063/1.5085639 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 (51) ◽

pp. 510003 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Meeri Kim

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Biomedical Applications

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The Impact of 3D Printing Process Parameters on the Dielectric Properties of High Permittivity Composites

Designs ◽

10.3390/designs3040050 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 50 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Athanasios Goulas ◽

Shiyu Zhang ◽

Darren A. Cadman ◽

Jan Järveläinen ◽

Ville Mylläri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Process Parameters ◽

Relative Permittivity ◽

Main Process ◽

Fused Filament Fabrication ◽

Layer Height ◽

Additive Manufacturing Technology ◽

The Impact ◽

Printing Speed ◽

Hatch Spacing

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is a well-known and greatly accessible additive manufacturing technology, that has found great use in the prototyping and manufacture of radiofrequency componentry, by using a range of composite thermoplastic materials that possess superior properties, when compared to standard materials for 3D printing. However, due to their nature and synthesis, they are often a great challenge to print successfully which in turn affects their microwave properties. Hence, determining the optimum printing strategy and settings is important to advance this area. The manufacturing study presented in this paper shows the impact of the main process parameters: printing speed, hatch spacing, layer height and material infill, during 3D printing on the relative permittivity (εr), and loss tangent (tanδ) of the resultant additively manufactured test samples. A combination of process parameters arising from this study, allowed successful 3D printing of test samples, that marked a relative permittivity of 9.06 ± 0.09 and dielectric loss of 0.032 ± 0.003.

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