‘I Have Made a Highway of Biainili’:

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-232
Author(s):  
Ali Çifçi ◽  
Bilcan Gökce
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Eastern Anatolia ◽  
Lake Van ◽  
Heavy Snowfall ◽  
Textual Evidence ◽  
Lake Van Basin ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
Northwestern Iran ◽  
New Settlements

Abstract After emerging in the Lake Van Basin of Turkey, the Urartian kingdom expanded its territory across Eastern Anatolia, Northwestern Iran, and Armenia between the late 9th and early 7th century BC. The high altitude of these regions and the climatic conditions, especially long and harsh winters with heavy snowfall, likely forced the Urartian monarchy to establish a reliable network of communication: new roads and new settlements along these roads were established between the capital city Tušpa and other parts of its territory. This study presents a reassessment of the archaeological and textual evidence on Urartian routes used for military campaigns, settlements located along these routes, ancient road remains and means of transportation.

Dams, reservoirs and irrigation channels of the Van plain in the period of the Urartian kingdom

1999 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 11-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oktay Belli
Keyword(s):  
Water Sources ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Eastern Anatolia ◽  
Lake Van ◽  
The South ◽  
Irrigation Channels ◽  
Northwestern Iran ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Almost All ◽  
First Time

The citadel of Van (Tushpa) was the main settlement of the Urartian kingdom, which dominated the regions of eastern Anatolia, Caucasia and northwestern Iran between the ninth and sixth centuries BC. Lake Van borders the site on the west, while to the south is the eastern extension of the Taurus mountains, stretching east to west and reaching 3000-3500m in height. These steep mountains, rising like a natural wall between the Urartian city and its greatest enemy the Assyrian kingdom to the south, provided an advantageous defensive feature. The capital city Tushpa, which is 1.5km east of Lake Van, and the Van plain itself are bordered on the east by the 3200m high Erek mountain. Erek mountain surrounds the east of the plain like a crescent, halting the cold winds as well as providing the water supply for agriculture in the Van plain from its rich water sources. Although the soil of the Van plain, which is 1750m above sea level, is agriculturally fertile, for many crops it is barely possible to conduct successful agriculture without irrigation. The Van plain, 9km wide and 17km long, is poor in water resources, as is well known. The water sources around Erek mountain, amongst the richest in the east Anatolian region, were used effectively in the period of the Urartian kingdom for the first time. Almost all the irrigation structures built on and around Erek mountain were built in order to irrigate the Van plain to the east of Lake Van. Most of the constructed dams and reservoirs, totalling more than ten, are still in use today, with minor restoration, despite being more than 2,700 years old. If we consider that few irrigation facilities were constructed at other water sources in the east Anatolian region, it underlines the importance of these water sources at Erek mountain and its slopes for the plain of Van. It seems that the rich water sources around Erek mountain constituted another positive condition for the foundation of the capital city of the Urartian kingdom in the Van plain.

Evaluation of the Plio-Quaternary tectonic stress regime from fault kinematic analysis in the lake Van Basin (Eastern Anatolia)

2020 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 104157
Author(s):  
Azad Sağlam Selçuk ◽  
Mehmet Korhan Erturaç ◽  
Gürsel Sunal ◽  
Ziyadin Çakır
Keyword(s):  
Kinematic Analysis ◽  
Tectonic Stress ◽  
Eastern Anatolia ◽  
Lake Van ◽  
Stress Regime ◽  
Lake Van Basin

The structural elements and tectonics of the Lake Van basin (Eastern Anatolia) from multi-channel seismic reflection profiles

2017 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
pp. 165-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Toker ◽  
A.M.Celal Sengor ◽  
Filiz Demirel Schluter ◽  
Emin Demirbag ◽  
Deniz Cukur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Reflection ◽  
Eastern Anatolia ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Lake Van ◽  
Lake Van Basin ◽  
Seismic Reflection Profiles

Validation ofAlburnus timarensisfrom the Lake Van basin, eastern Anatolia (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmut Elp ◽  
Müfit Özuluğ ◽  
Fazıl Şen ◽  
Jörg Freyhof
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Anatolia ◽  
Lake Van ◽  
Lake Van Basin

scholarly journals The conflict between attempts to green arid cities and urban livelihoods The case of Dodoma, Tanzania

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldo Lupala ◽  
John Lupala
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Local Context ◽  
City Development ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Master Plans ◽  
Contributory Factors ◽  
Urban Livelihoods ◽  
Planning Concepts ◽  
The City

One of the features that characterise the designated capital city of Dodoma is the limited green landscape element as a result of semiarid climatic conditions of the whole central region of Tanzania. Besides concerted efforts by the Dodoma urban authorities to develop greenery landscape within the city through the Capital City Development Programme, such efforts have fallen into conflict with people’s livelihood activities. In this paper, it is argued that the gap between identification of appropriate landscape features that are not consistent with people's lifestyles and the local conditions are the contributory factors to the observed conflicts between attempts to green the city and livelihoods of the residents. Borrowed planning concepts in the masterplans thatwere imposed on the contextof Dodoma do not reflectthe realityof thepeople's needs and priorities as regards their livelihoods. These concepts have to the greatest extent failed to integrate livelihood activities and greening initiatives. This paper underscores the need for developing locally based planning considerations that take cognisance of all stakeholders and the local context as a way towards harmonising greening initiatives while accommodating people's livelihood needs and activities.Key Words: greening initiatives, livelihood activities, semi-arid cities, urban planning, master plans, Dodoma, Tanzania. 

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