scholarly journals Biermann battery as a source of astrophysical magnetic fields

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-131
Author(s):  
Evgeny A. Mikhailov ◽  
Ruben R. Andreasyan
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
Dynamo Mechanism ◽  
Alpha Effect ◽  
Biermann Battery ◽  
Annealing Method ◽  
Initial Magnetic Field

Abstract A large number of galaxies have large-scale magnetic fields which are usually measured by the Faraday rotation of radio waves. Their origin is usually connected with the dynamo mechanism which is based on differential rotation of the interstellar medium and alpha-effect characterizing the helicity of the small-scale motions. However, it is necessary to have initial magnetic field which cannot be generated by the dynamo. One of the possible mechanisms is connected with the Biermann battery which acts because of different masses of protons and electrons passing from the central object. They produce circular currents which induce the vertical magnetic field. As for this field we can obtain the integral equation which can be solved by simulated annealing method which is widely used in different branches of mathematics

scholarly journals No-z Model for Magnetic Fields of Different Astrophysical Objects and Stability of the Solutions

Data ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Evgeny Mikhailov ◽  
Daniela Boneva ◽  
Maria Pashentseva
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Accretion Discs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Astrophysical Objects ◽  
Alpha Effect ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Magnetic Field

A wide range of astrophysical objects, such as the Sun, galaxies, stars, planets, accretion discs etc., have large-scale magnetic fields. Their generation is often based on the dynamo mechanism, which is connected with joint action of the alpha-effect and differential rotation. They compete with the turbulent diffusion. If the dynamo is intensive enough, the magnetic field grows, else it decays. The magnetic field evolution is described by Steenbeck—Krause—Raedler equations, which are quite difficult to be solved. So, for different objects, specific two-dimensional models are used. As for thin discs (this shape corresponds to galaxies and accretion discs), usually, no-z approximation is used. Some of the partial derivatives are changed by the algebraic expressions, and the solenoidality condition is taken into account as well. The field generation is restricted by the equipartition value and saturates if the field becomes comparable with it. From the point of view of mathematical physics, they can be characterized as stable points of the equations. The field can come to these values monotonously or have oscillations. It depends on the type of the stability of these points, whether it is a node or focus. Here, we study the stability of such points and give examples for astrophysical applications.

scholarly journals Characterising the surface magnetic fields of T Tauri stars with high-resolution near-infrared spectroscopy

2019 ◽  
Vol 630 ◽  
pp. A99 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lavail ◽  
O. Kochukhov ◽  
G. A. J. Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
T Tauri Stars ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Surface Magnetic Field ◽  
T Tauri

Aims. In this paper, we aim to characterise the surface magnetic fields of a sample of eight T Tauri stars from high-resolution near-infrared spectroscopy. Some stars in our sample are known to be magnetic from previous spectroscopic or spectropolarimetric studies. Our goals are firstly to apply Zeeman broadening modelling to T Tauri stars with high-resolution data, secondly to expand the sample of stars with measured surface magnetic field strengths, thirdly to investigate possible rotational or long-term magnetic variability by comparing spectral time series of given targets, and fourthly to compare the magnetic field modulus ⟨B⟩ tracing small-scale magnetic fields to those of large-scale magnetic fields derived by Stokes V Zeeman Doppler Imaging (ZDI) studies. Methods. We modelled the Zeeman broadening of magnetically sensitive spectral lines in the near-infrared K-band from high-resolution spectra by using magnetic spectrum synthesis based on realistic model atmospheres and by using different descriptions of the surface magnetic field. We developped a Bayesian framework that selects the complexity of the magnetic field prescription based on the information contained in the data. Results. We obtain individual magnetic field measurements for each star in our sample using four different models. We find that the Bayesian Model 4 performs best in the range of magnetic fields measured on the sample (from 1.5 kG to 4.4 kG). We do not detect a strong rotational variation of ⟨B⟩ with a mean peak-to-peak variation of 0.3 kG. Our confidence intervals are of the same order of magnitude, which suggests that the Zeeman broadening is produced by a small-scale magnetic field homogeneously distributed over stellar surfaces. A comparison of our results with mean large-scale magnetic field measurements from Stokes V ZDI show different fractions of mean field strength being recovered, from 25–42% for relatively simple poloidal axisymmetric field topologies to 2–11% for more complex fields.

scholarly journals The Effect of Small Scale Motion on an Essentially-Nonlinear Dynamo

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (S271) ◽  
pp. 367-368
Author(s):  
Benjamin M. Byington ◽  
Nicholas H. Brummell ◽  
Steven M. Tobias
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Local Velocity ◽  
Dissipative Effects ◽  
Dynamo Mechanism ◽  
New Type ◽  
Scale Motion

AbstractA dynamo is a process by which fluid motions sustain magnetic fields against dissipative effects. Dynamos occur naturally in many astrophysical systems. Theoretically, we have a much more robust understanding of the generation and maintenance of magnetic fields at the scale of the fluid motions or smaller, than that of magnetic fields at scales much larger than the local velocity. Here, via numerical simulations, we examine one example of an “essentially nonlinear” dynamo mechanism that successfully maintains magnetic field at the largest available scale (the system scale) without cascade to the resistive scale. In particular, we examine whether this new type of dynamo at the system scale is still effective in the presence of other smaller-scale dynamics (turbulence).

Solar Dynamo

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Differential Rotation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Toroidal Field ◽  
Solar Dynamo ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Magnetic Field

The solar dynamo is the action of flows inside the Sun to maintain its magnetic field against Ohmic decay. On small scales the magnetic field is seen at the solar surface as a ubiquitous “salt-and-pepper” disorganized field that may be generated directly by the turbulent convection. On large scales, the magnetic field is remarkably organized, with an 11-year activity cycle. During each cycle the field emerging in each hemisphere has a specific East–West alignment (known as Hale’s law) that alternates from cycle to cycle, and a statistical tendency for a North-South alignment (Joy’s law). The polar fields reverse sign during the period of maximum activity of each cycle. The relevant flows for the large-scale dynamo are those of convection, the bulk rotation of the Sun, and motions driven by magnetic fields, as well as flows produced by the interaction of these. Particularly important are the Sun’s large-scale differential rotation (for example, the equator rotates faster than the poles), and small-scale helical motions resulting from the Coriolis force acting on convective motions or on the motions associated with buoyantly rising magnetic flux. These two types of motions result in a magnetic cycle. In one phase of the cycle, differential rotation winds up a poloidal magnetic field to produce a toroidal field. Subsequently, helical motions are thought to bend the toroidal field to create new poloidal magnetic flux that reverses and replaces the poloidal field that was present at the start of the cycle. It is now clear that both small- and large-scale dynamo action are in principle possible, and the challenge is to understand which combination of flows and driving mechanisms are responsible for the time-dependent magnetic fields seen on the Sun.

Methanol masers and magnetic field in IRAS18089-1732

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (S336) ◽  
pp. 285-286
Author(s):  
Daria Dall’Olio ◽  
W. H. T. Vlemmings ◽  
G. Surcis ◽  
H. Beuther ◽  
B. Lankhaar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Star Forming ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Theoretical Simulations ◽  
The Magnetic Field

AbstractTheoretical simulations have shown that magnetic fields play an important role in massive star formation: they can suppress fragmentation in the star forming cloud, enhance accretion via disc and regulate outflows and jets. However, models require specific magnetic configurations and need more observational constraints to properly test the impact of magnetic fields. We investigate the magnetic field structure of the massive protostar IRAS18089-1732, analysing 6.7 GHz CH3OH maser MERLIN observations. IRAS18089-1732 is a well studied high mass protostar, showing a hot core chemistry, an accretion disc and a bipolar outflow. An ordered magnetic field oriented around its disc has been detected from previous observations of polarised dust. This gives us the chance to investigate how the magnetic field at the small scale probed by masers relates to the large scale field probed by the dust.

scholarly journals Interstellar and intergalactic dynamos

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (S294) ◽  
pp. 225-236
Author(s):  
M. Hanasz ◽  
D. Woltanski ◽  
K. Kowalik
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Galactic Rotation ◽  
Galaxy Mergers ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractWe review recent developments of amplification models of galactic and intergalactic magnetic field. The most popular scenarios involve variety of physical mechanisms, including turbulence generation on a wide range of physical scales, effects of supernovae, buoyancy as well as the magnetorotational instability. Other models rely on galaxy interaction, which generate galactic and intergalactic magnetic fields during galaxy mergers. We present also global galactic-scale numerical models of the Cosmic Ray (CR) driven dynamo, which was originally proposed by Parker (1992). We conduct a series of direct CR+MHD numerical simulations of the dynamics of the interstellar medium (ISM), composed of gas, magnetic fields and CR components. We take into account CRs accelerated in randomly distributed supernova (SN) remnants, and assume that SNe deposit small-scale, randomly oriented, dipolar magnetic fields into the ISM. The amplification timescale of the large-scale magnetic field resulting from the CR-driven dynamo is comparable to the galactic rotation period. The process efficiently converts small-scale magnetic fields of SN-remnants into galactic-scale magnetic fields. The resulting magnetic field structure resembles the X-shaped magnetic fields observed in edge-on galaxies.

scholarly journals Hydromagnetic dynamos at the low Ekman and magnetic Prandtl numbers

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ján Šimkanin
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Prandtl Number ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Magnetic Diffusion ◽  
Magnetic Prandtl Number ◽  
Prandtl Numbers ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Abstract Hydromagnetic dynamos are numerically investigated at low Prandtl, Ekman and magnetic Prandtl numbers using the PARODY dynamo code. In all the investigated cases, the generated magnetic fields are dominantly-dipolar. Convection is small-scale and columnar, while the magnetic field maintains its large-scale structure. In this study the generated magnetic field never becomes weak in the polar regions, neither at large magnetic Prandtl numbers (when the magnetic diffusion is weak), nor at low magnetic Prandtl numbers (when the magnetic diffusion is strong), which is a completely different situation to that observed in previous studies. As magnetic fields never become weak in the polar regions, then the magnetic field is always regenerated in the tangent cylinder. At both values of the magnetic Prandtl number, strong polar magnetic upwellings and weaker equatorial upwellings are observed. An occurrence of polar magnetic upwellings is coupled with a regenaration of magnetic fields inside the tangent cylinder and then with a not weakened intensity of magnetic fields in the polar regions. These new results indicate that inertia and viscosity are probably negligible at low Ekman numbers.

scholarly journals Solar Magnetoconvection

1990 ◽  
Vol 138 ◽  
pp. 191-211
Author(s):  
Å. Nordlund ◽  
R. F. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Time Evolution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Stratified Medium ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Surface Magnetic Field ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Surface Manifestation

As a prelude to discussing the interaction of magnetic fields with convection, we first review some general properties of convection in a stratified medium. Granulation, which is the surface manifestation of the major energy carrying convection scales, is a shallow phenomenon. Below the surface, the topology changes to one of filamentary cool downdrafts, immersed in a gently ascending isentropic background. The granular downflows merge into more widely separated downdrafts, on scales of mesogranulation and super-granulation.The local topology and time evolution of the small scale, kilo Gauss, network and facular magnetic field elements are controlled by convection on the scale of granulation. The topology and time evolution of larger scale magnetic field concentrations are controlled by the hierarchical structure of the horizontal components of the large scale velocity field. In sunspots, the small scale magnetic field structure determines the energy balance, the systematic flows and the waves. Below the surface, the small scale structure of the magnetic field may change drastically, with little observable effect at the surface. We discuss results of some recent numerical simulations of sunspot magnetic fields, and some mechanisms that may be relevant in determining the topology of the sub-surface magnetic field. Finally, we discuss the role of active region magnetic fields in the global solar dynamo.

scholarly journals Large Scale Solar Magnetic Fields and Their Consequences

1971 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 547-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Newkirk
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Active Region ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Differential Rotation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Solar Magnetic Fields ◽  
Radio Bursts

The general properties of large scale solar magnetic fields are reviewed. In order of size these are: (1) Active region, generally bipolar fields with a lifetime of about two solar rotations. These are characterized by fields of several hundred G and display differential rotation similar to that found for the photosphere. (2) UM regions which appear to be the remnants of active region fields dispersed by the action of supergranulation convection and distorted by differential rotation. These are characterized by fields of a few tens of gauss and have lifetimes of several solar rotations. (3) The polar fields which are built up over the solar cycle by the preferential migration of a given polarity towards the poles. The poloidal fields are of a few gauss in magnitude and reverse sign in about 22 yr. (4) The large scale sector fields. These appear closely related to the interplanetary sector structure, cover tens of degrees in longitude, and stretch across the equator with the same polarity. This pattern endures for periods of up to a year or more, is not distorted by differential rotation, and has a rotation period of about 27 days. The presence of these long enduring sector fields may be related to the phenomenon of active solar longitudes. The consequences of large scale fields are examined with particular emphasis on the effects displayed by the corona. Calculated magnetic field patterns in the corona are compared with the density structure of the corona with the conclusion that: (1) Small scale structures in the corona, such as rays, arches, and loops, reflect the shape of the field and appear as magnetic tubes of force preferentially filled with more coronal plasma than the background. (2) Coronal density enhancements appear over plages where the field strength and presumably the mechanical energy transport into the corona are higher than normal. (3) Coronal streamers form above the ‘neutral line’ between extended UM regions of opposite polarity. The role played by coronal magnetic fields in transient events is also discussed. Some examples are: (1) The location of Proton Flares in open, diverging configurations of the field. (2) The expulsion of ‘magnetic bottles’ into the interplanetary medium by solar flares. (3) The relation of Type IV radio bursts to the ambient field configuration. (4) The guiding of Type II burst exciters by the ambient magnetic field. (5) The magnetic connection between widely separated active regions which display correlated radio bursts.

scholarly journals The impact of non-dipolar magnetic fields in core-collapse supernovae

2019 ◽  
Vol 492 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Bugli ◽  
J Guilet ◽  
M Obergaulinger ◽  
P Cerdá-Durán ◽  
M A Aloy
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Compact Object ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Core Collapse ◽  
Radial Profiles ◽  
Rich Material ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Magnetic Field

ABSTRACT The magnetic field is believed to play an important role in at least some core-collapse supernovae (CCSN) if its magnitude reaches $10^{15}\, \rm {G}$, which is a typical value for a magnetar. In the presence of fast rotation, such a strong magnetic field can drive powerful jet-like explosions if it has the large-scale coherence of a dipole. The topology of the magnetic field is, however, probably much more complex with strong multipolar and small-scale components and the consequences for the explosion are so far unclear. We investigate the effects of the magnetic field topology on the dynamics of CCSN and the properties of the forming proto-neutron star (PNS) by comparing pre-collapse fields of different multipolar orders and radial profiles. Using axisymmetric special relativistic MHD simulations and a two-moment neutrino transport, we find that higher multipolar magnetic configurations lead to generally less energetic explosions, slower expanding shocks, and less collimated outflows. Models with a low order multipolar configuration tend to produce more oblate PNS, surrounded in some cases by a rotationally supported toroidal structure of neutron-rich material. Moreover, magnetic fields which are distributed on smaller angular scales produce more massive and faster rotating central PNS, suggesting that higher order multipolar configurations tend to decrease the efficiency of the magnetorotational launching mechanism. Even if our dipolar models systematically display a far more efficient extraction of the rotational energy of the PNS, fields distributed on smaller angular scales are still capable of powering magnetorotational explosions and shape the evolution of the central compact object.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document