scholarly journals Structural transformation and productivity in Latin America

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Cavalcanti Ferreira ◽  
Leonardo Fonseca da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Equilibrium Model ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Agriculture Industry ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Modern Services

AbstractThis article examines the effects of sectorial shifts and structural transformation on the recent productivity path of Latin America. We use a four-sector (agriculture, industry, modern services and traditional services) general equilibrium model calibrated to the main economies in the region. The model very closely replicates labor reallocations across sectors and the growth of aggregate labor productivity from 1950 to 2005. Structural transformation explains a sizeable portion of the region’s convergence in the first decades. In most cases, the poor performance of the traditional services sector is the main cause of the slowdown in productivity growth observed in the region after the mid-1970s and is a key factor in explaining the divergence during this period.

scholarly journals Productivity growth and sectoral interactions under Domar aggregation: a study for the Brazilian economy from 2000 to 2014

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Theo Santini ◽  
Ricardo Azevedo Araujo
Keyword(s):  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
High Density ◽  
Aggregate Productivity ◽  
Intermediate Inputs ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Negative Role ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Productivity Gains

AbstractIn this paper, we use the Domar aggregation approach to study the evolution of Brazil’s productivity growth from 2000 to 2014, thus allowing us a disaggregated assessment of the issue. We found that the Brazilian economy’s overall performance is the outcome of a decrease in the economy’s density, as defined by the existing backward and forward connections amongst industries in intermediate inputs chains. It also can be explained by the poor performance of its sectors. Despite the relatively high density of the manufacturing sector, it performed a negative role concerning aggregate productivity growth both directly and indirectly. Directly insofar as that sector had negatives productivity growths during the period under consideration, and indirectly due to its high interconnection, which spread negative rather than positive productivity gains across the economy. Therefore, to improve the Brazilian economy’s poor performance, it is mandatory to restore the manufacturing sector’s capability to yield and spread productivity gains.

scholarly journals Productive efficiency and the future of regional disparities in Brazil

Nova Economia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Schettini ◽  
Carlos Roberto Azzoni
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Regional Disparities ◽  
Productive Efficiency ◽  
Regional Inequality ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Aggregate Production ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Agriculture Industry ◽  
Stochastic Production

Abstract: We use Stochastic Production Frontiers to estimate the recent levels and the evolution of productive efficiency across regions in Brazil. Results are available for agriculture, industry and services, as well as for total production. We observe a substantive efficiency growth exhibited by agriculture at the national level, which is counterbalanced by the poor performance of services. The regional results show that efficiency levels still replicate, in general, the regional inequality that marked the country’s history through decades. However, the efficiency growth reveals new signs of convergence among states, especially for industry, with effects on the aggregate production. This indicates that inequality trends in productive efficiency may be starting to change.

Manufacturing, Services, and the Productivity Gap

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Arbache
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Aggregate Productivity ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Manufacturing Competitiveness ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance

This chapter examines a little explored and yet important aspect of the poor productivity in Brazil: the performance of the service sector. It shows evidence that the meager long-term performance of the services sector is a key factor in explaining the poor aggregate productivity and manufacturing competitiveness in Brazil. The reasons for that are twofold. First, Brazil is experiencing a profound structural transformation in favor of the services sector, mainly at the expense of the manufacturing sector, to the point that the shares of services in output and in employment have become unusually high by emerging market standards. Second, manufacturing firms in Brazil are increasingly outsourcing all types of services to the point where the share of services in total costs have become comparable to that of advanced economies.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF LABOR FROM AGRICULTURE TO NON-AGRICULTURE IN ASIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-341
Author(s):  
Emy Zahrotul Awaliyyah ◽  
Shwu-En Chen ◽  
Ratya Anindita ◽  
S Suhartini
Keyword(s):  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Dynamic Effect ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Pattern Decomposition ◽  
Agriculture Industry ◽  
Employment Share ◽  
Static Effect

Through the dataset from APO (Asian Productivity Organization) comprising 22 countries in Asia from 1980 to 2015, this study is to investigate the growth pattern, decomposition, and determinants of structural transformation in Asia. A decomposition method measuring within-effect, between-static-effect, and between-dynamic-effect was adopted to explain the structural change within sectors of agriculture, industry, and services. The results show that the agriculture sector of all countries in Asia declines slowly. The agriculture sector is no longer the largest contributor to GDP in all Asian countries even though it still has the largest labor in Asian developing countries. Workers moving from the agriculture sector to the services sector as the productivity of the service sector is higher than agriculture. The structural changes positively contribute to productivity growth in Asia as a result of the positive static reallocation effects and negative dynamic reallocation effects. Overall, the structural changes contribute to a large part of labor productivity growth. The important determinants of structural transformation are the employment share in agriculture and trade. Final, the policy implication was proposed for structural changes.

Was It Prices, Productivity or Policy? Latin American Industrialisation after 1870

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
AURORA GÓMEZ-GALVARRIATO ◽  
JEFFREY G. WILLIAMSON
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
The United States ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Dutch Disease ◽  
Trade Data ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Catch Up

AbstractThe new trade data used here document the significance of industrialisation in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico after 1870. By 1910 Brazil and Mexico, in particular, led most of the poor periphery in Asia, Africa and the Middle East. While some of this impressive industrialisation was due to fast productivity growth in manufacturing, perhaps yielding some catch-up on their competitors in the United States and Europe, this article argues that there were even more powerful forces at work. Much of the industrialisation that occurred in Latin America was due to a cessation in the seven-decade rise in its net barter terms of trade, trends that reversed the deindustrialisation and ‘Dutch Disease’ forces that had dominated Latin America for almost a century. Equally important for Brazil and Mexico was favourable policy in the form of higher effective rates of protection for manufacturing, and a depreciation of the real exchange rate. These policies were missing in Argentina and Chile, and industrialisation suffered there as a consequence. Changing market conditions and policies seem to have been more important than changing fundamentals in accounting for Latin American industrialisation after 1870.

scholarly journals Productivity Growth and Sectoral Interactions under Domar Aggregation: A Study for the Brazilian Economy from 2000 to 2014

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theo Santini ◽  
Ricardo Araujo
Keyword(s):  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
High Density ◽  
Aggregate Productivity ◽  
Intermediate Inputs ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Negative Role ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Productivity Gains

Abstract In this paper, we use the Domar aggregation approach to study the evolution of productivity growth in Brazil from 2000 to 2014, thus allowing us a disaggregated assessment of the issue. We found that the overall performance of the Brazilian economy can be explained not only by the poor performance of its sectors but also in terms of diminishing industrial density, with fewer backward and forward connections amongst industries in terms of chains of intermediate inputs. Besides, despite the relatively high density of the manufacturing sector, it performed a negative role concerning aggregate productivity growth both directly and indirectly. Directly insofar as that sector had negatives productivity growths during the period under consideration, and indirectly due to its high interconnection, which spread negative rather than positive productivity gains across the economy. Therefore, to improve the poor performance of the Brazilian economy, it is mandatory to restore the capability of the manufacturing sector of yielding and spreading productivity gains.

The Roma in Post-Communist Bulgaria: Growing Social Marginalization and State Policies

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Yorgos Christidis
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
State Policies ◽  
Social Marginalization ◽  
Popular Support ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
The Poor

This article analyzes the growing impoverishment and marginalization of the Roma in Bulgarian society and the evolution of Bulgaria’s post-1989 policies towards the Roma. It examines the results of the policies so far and the reasons behind the “poor performance” of the policies implemented. It is believed that Post-communist Bulgaria has successfully re-integrated the ethnic Turkish minority given both the assimilation campaign carried out against it in the 1980s and the tragic events that took place in ex-Yugoslavia in the 1990s. This Bulgaria’s successful “ethnic model”, however, has failed to include the Roma. The “Roma issue” has emerged as one of the most serious and intractable ones facing Bulgaria since 1990. A growing part of its population has been living in circumstances of poverty and marginalization that seem only to deteriorate as years go by. State policies that have been introduced since 1999 have failed at large to produce tangible results and to reverse the socio-economic marginalization of the Roma: discrimination, poverty, and social exclusion continue to be the norm. NGOs point out to the fact that many of the measures that have been announced have not been properly implemented, and that legislation existing to tackle discrimination, hate crime, and hate speech is not implemented. Bulgaria’s political parties are averse in dealing with the Roma issue. Policies addressing the socio-economic problems of the Roma, including hate speech and crime, do not enjoy popular support and are seen as politically damaging.

Biomass Characterization in a Nitrification-Denitrification Biological Enhanced Phosphorus Removal (NDBEPR) Plant during Start-Up and Subsequent Periods of Good and Poor Phosphorus Removal

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. Lindrea ◽  
S. P. Pigdon ◽  
B. Boyd ◽  
G. A. Lockwood
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Removal ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Intracellular Distribution ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Plant Operation ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Biomass Characterization

During commissioning and process stabilization of a NDBEPR plant at Bendigo intracellular distribution and movement of phosphorus, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ was followed to establish the nature of biomass development. The system was also monitored at the end of a period of breakdown of the BEPR process and during its return to phosphorus removal. Phosphorus (P) and Mg2+ distribution in the biomass were closely related during all phases of plant operation, and laboratory trials indicated that the poor performance of the full-scale plant was associated with seasonal reduction in influent Mg2+. Laboratory scale trials produced a similar effect when the influent Mg2+ was limited to concentrations much lower than those experienced in the full scale plant, but only after the Mg2+ and P reserves in the biomass were depleted. The distribution of P, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ in the biomass from the full scale plant was similar to that seen in the laboratory trials when cations in the feed were severely limited and recovery of the full scale plant also closely matched that of the laboratory scale system.

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