Allergy testing: the role of recombinant allergens

2006 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine Mothes ◽  
Rudolf Valenta ◽  
Susanne Spitzauer
Keyword(s):  
Specific Immunotherapy ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Recombinant Allergen ◽  
Recombinant Allergens ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type I Allergy ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Allergen Extracts

AbstractCurrently, diagnosis of type I allergy is performed using crude allergen extracts, which allow the identification of the allergen-containing source responsible for type I allergic symptoms (e.g., allergic rhino-conjunctivitis, asthma) but not the disease-eliciting molecules. With the introduction of recombinant allergens produced by molecular biology techniques, a large panel of allergenic molecules has become available. The application of these recombinant allergens for in vitro tests has led to new forms of component-resolved diagnosis (CRD) and allows the establishment of a patient's individual reactivity profile. The increasing number of recombinant allergens characterized during the last decade has allowed the development of chip-based allergy tests for simultaneous detection of up to 5000 different allergens and epitopes. The introduction of these recombinant allergen-based tests into clinical practice improves the selection of patients for traditional specific immunotherapy and allows monitoring of the immunological efficacy of specific immunotherapy by measuring allergen-specific IgG antibodies. Besides their diagnostic application, recombinant allergens and hypoallergenic derivatives thereof have also been used as vaccines in clinical trials, and recent results have shown their usefulness for the treatment of type I allergy.

scholarly journals Neo-antigens for the serological diagnosis of IgE-mediated drug allergic reactions to antibiotics cephalosporin, carbapenem and monobactam

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edurne Peña-Mendizabal ◽  
Sergi Morais ◽  
Ángel Maquieira
Keyword(s):  
Drug Allergy ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Specific Ige ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Lactam Ring ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Ige Mediated

Abstract New antigens deriving from -lloyl and -llanyl, major and minor determinants, respectively, were produced for β-lactam antibiotics cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, meropenem and aztreonam. Twenty β-lactam antigens were produced using human serum albumin and histone H1 as carrier proteins. Antigens were tested by multiplex in vitro immunoassays and evaluated based on the detection of specific IgG and IgE in the serum samples. Both major and minor determinants were appropriate antigens for detecting specific anti-β-lactam IgG in immunised rabbit sera. In a cohort of 37 allergic patients, we observed that only the minor determinants (-llanyl antigens) were suitable for determining specific anti-β-lactam IgE antibodies with high sensitivity (< 0.01 IU/mL; 24 ng/L) and specificity (100%). These findings reveal that not only the haptenisation of β-lactam antibiotics renders improved molecular recognition events when the 4-member β-lactam ring remains unmodified, but also may contribute to develop promising minor antigens suitable for detecting specific IgE-mediated allergic reactions. This will facilitate the development of sensitive and selective multiplexed in vitro tests for drug-allergy diagnoses to antibiotics cephalosporin, carbapenem and monobactam.

scholarly journals Chitin Nanofibril Application in Tympanic Membrane Scaffolds to Modulate Inflammatory and Immune Response

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1440
Author(s):  
Serena Danti ◽  
Shivesh Anand ◽  
Bahareh Azimi ◽  
Mario Milazzo ◽  
Alessandra Fusco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tympanic Membrane ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Collagen Type I ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Type I ◽  
Hacat Cells ◽  
Polybutylene Terephthalate

Chitin nanofibrils (CNs) are an emerging bio-based nanomaterial. Due to nanometric size and high crystallinity, CNs lose the allergenic features of chitin and interestingly acquire anti-inflammatory activity. Here we investigate the possible advantageous use of CNs in tympanic membrane (TM) scaffolds, as they are usually implanted inside highly inflamed tissue environment due to underlying infectious pathologies. In this study, the applications of CNs in TM scaffolds were twofold. A nanocomposite was used, consisting of poly (ethylene oxide terephthalate)/(polybutylene terephthalate) (PEOT/PBT) copolymer loaded with CN/polyethylene glycol (PEG) pre-composite at 50/50 (w/w %) weight ratio, and electrospun into fiber scaffolds, which were coated by CNs from crustacean or fungal sources via electrospray. The degradation behavior of the scaffolds was investigated during 4 months at 37 °C in an otitis-simulating fluid. In vitro tests were performed using cell types to mimic the eardrum, i.e., human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) for connective, and human dermal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) for epithelial tissues. HMSCs were able to colonize the scaffolds and produce collagen type I. The inflammatory response of HaCaT cells in contact with the CN-coated scaffolds was investigated, revealing a marked downregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines. CN-coated PEOT/PBT/(CN/PEG 50:50) scaffolds showed a significant indirect antimicrobial activity.

Perspectives in Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy: Molecular Evolution of Peptide- and Protein-Based Strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Jacquet
Keyword(s):  
Specific Immunotherapy ◽  
Patient Adherence ◽  
Recombinant Allergen ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Allergen Specific Immunotherapy ◽  
Adverse Side Effects ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Tremendous Progress ◽  
Allergen Extracts

Allergen-specific Immunotherapy (AIT), through repetitive subcutaneous or sublingual administrations of allergen extracts, represents up to now the unique treatment against allergic sensitizations. However, the clinical efficacy of AIT can be largely dependent on the quality of natural allergen extracts. Moreover, the long duration and adverse side effects associated with AIT negatively impact patient adherence. Tremendous progress in the field of molecular allergology has made possible the design of safer, shorter and more effective new immunotherapeutic approaches based on purified and characterized natural or recombinant allergen derivatives and peptides. This review will summarize the characteristics of these different innovative vaccines including their effects in preclinical studies and clinical trials.

scholarly journals Use of in vitro tests to assess the causative drugs for NSAIDs-induced type I hypersensitivity

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (S3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan-Chun Chang ◽  
Bi-Kai Hsu ◽  
Wen-Hung Chung ◽  
Shuen-Iu Hung
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type I Hypersensitivity

Rekombinante Allergene in der Diagnose der Typ I Allergie/Recombinant Allergens for the Diagnosis of Type I Allergy

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 120-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Westritschnig ◽  
D. Kraft ◽  
R. Valenta
Keyword(s):  
Recombinant Allergens ◽  
Type I ◽  
Rekombinante Allergene ◽  
Type I Allergy

Animal models of type I allergy using recombinant allergens

Methods ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Udo Herz ◽  
Harald Renz ◽  
Ursula Wiedermann
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Recombinant Allergens ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type I Allergy

scholarly journals In Vitro Research Tools in the Field of Human Immediate Drug Hypersensitivity and Their Present Use in Small Animal Veterinary Medicine

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidonie Lavergne
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Adverse Drug Events ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Type I ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity

Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHR) are immune-mediated idiosyncratic adverse drug events. Type I DHR are often referred to as “immediate” and involve B lymphocyte-secreted IgE that bind to the membrane of basophils and mast cells, inducing their degranulation. This review presents various in vitro tests that were developed in the field of human type I HS and implemented as clinical diagnostic tools in human cases of immediate DHR. The respective strengths and weaknesses of each test will be discussed in parallel of validation data such as specificity and sensitivity whenever available. Some of them have also been used as diagnostic tools in veterinary medicine, but not in cases of immediate DHR. Most of these diagnostic tools can be categorized into humoral and cellular tests. The former tests measure serum concentrations of factors, such as histamine, tryptase, and drug-specific IgE. The latter assays quantify markers of drug-induced basophil activation or drug-specific lymphocyte proliferation. Pharmacogenetic markers have also been investigated in immediate DHR, but not as extensively as in non-immediate ones. Throughout, practical aspects and limitations of the tests, as well as sensitivity and specificity parameters, will be presented. In addition, the experience of veterinary medicine with these diagnostic tools will be summarized. However, to date, none of them has ever been reported in a veterinary case of type I DHR.

Immunotherapy: Rationale and mechanisms

1992 ◽  
Vol 107 (6_part_2) ◽  
pp. 861-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce R. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Blocker Therapy ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Lymphocyte Activity ◽  
Ige Synthesis ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Β Blocker ◽  
Controlled Exposure

Immunotherapy is defined as the controlled exposure to known allergens to reduce the severity of the allergic response. Although available since 1910, its exact mechanism of action is not known but may involve an increase in allergen-specific IgG antibodies, a decrease in IgE synthesis, and alteration in T-lymphocyte activity. Immunotherapy is indicated in patients with proven allergy who have significant symptoms. It may be used together with pharmacologic measures but is relatively contraindicated in patients receiving β-blocker therapy. Immunotherapy may be continued during pregnancy and should not be initiated in patients with autoimmune diseases or in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. Selection of appropriate diagnostic tests is important. Before immunotherapy is considered, there are two recommended in vivo tests (combined prick and intradermal skin test, and skin end point titration) and two recommended in vitro tests (radioallergosorbent test [RAST] and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays [ELISA]), all equally safe and sensitive. After appropriate test interpretation, treatment is initiated with slowly escalating doses of allergen. Effects are often apparent in 3 to 6 months and, after continuation for 3 to 5 years, patients usually achieve lasting benefit.

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