scholarly journals Application of Classical Land Surveying Measurement Methods for Determining the Vertical Displacement of Railway Bridges

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pelagia Gawronek ◽  
Maria Makuch
Keyword(s):  
Static Load ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Railway Bridge ◽  
Railway Bridges ◽  
Land Surveying ◽  
Vertical Displacements ◽  
Load Tests ◽  
Steel Railway Bridge ◽  
Displacement Measurements

Abstract The classical measurements of stability of railway bridge, in the context of determining the vertical displacements of the object, consisted on precise leveling of girders and trigonometric leveling of controlled points (fixed into girders' surface). The construction elements, which were measured in two ways, in real terms belonged to the same vertical planes. Altitude measurements of construction were carried out during periodic structural stability tests and during static load tests of bridge by train. The specificity of displacement measurements, the type of measured object and the rail land surveying measurement conditions were determinants to define methodology of altitude measurement. The article presents compatibility of vertical displacements of steel railway bridge, which were developed in two measurement methods. In conclusion, the authors proposed the optimum concept of determining the vertical displacements of girders by using precise and trigonometric leveling (in terms of accuracy, safety and economy of measurement).

scholarly journals TLS Measurement during Static Load Testing of a Railway Bridge

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pelagia Gawronek ◽  
Maria Makuch
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Static Load ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Load Testing ◽  
Railway Bridge ◽  
Static Load Test ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Steel Railway Bridge ◽  
White Target

Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) technology has become increasingly popular in investigating displacement and deformation of natural and anthropogenic objects. Regardless of the accuracy of deformation identification, TLS provides remote comprehensive information about the measured object in a short time. These features of TLS were why TLS measurement was used for a static load test of an old, steel railway bridge. The results of the measurement using the Z+F Imager 5010 scanner and traditional surveying methods (for improved georeferencing) were compared to results of precise reflectorless tacheometry and precise levelling. The analyses involved various procedures for the determination of displacement from 3D data (black & white target analysis, point cloud analysis, and mesh surface analysis) and the need to pre-process the 3D data was considered (georeferencing, automated filtering). The results demonstrate that TLS measurement can identify vertical displacement in line with the results of traditional measurements down to ±1 mm.

scholarly journals The Integration of Two Interferometric Radars for Measuring Dynamic Displacement of Bridges

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 3668
Author(s):  
Piotr Olaszek ◽  
Andrzej Świercz ◽  
Francesco Boscagli
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Vibration ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Vertical Vibration ◽  
Remote Measurement ◽  
Railway Bridges ◽  
Vertical Displacements ◽  
Horizontal Displacements

Measurements of displacements of bridges under dynamic load are particularly difficult in the case of structures where access to the area under the tested structure is impossible. Then, remote measurement methods are preferred, such as interferometric radar. Interferometric radar has high accuracy when measuring displacement in the direction of its target axis. The problems appear when a bridge vibrates in two directions: horizontal (lateral or longitudinal) and vertical. The use of one radar to measure those vibrations may be impossible. This paper presents the application of a set of two interferometric radars to measure vertical vibration and horizontal longitudinal vibration with high accuracy. The method was positively verified by experimental tests on two railway bridges characterized by different levels of horizontal displacement. The accuracy of the radar measurements was tested by the direct measurement of vertical displacements using inductive gauges. In conclusion, in the case of vertical displacement measurements using one interferometric radar, the influence of horizontal displacements should be excluded. In the case of locating radars at the area of bridge supports, it is necessary to either use a set of two radars or first investigate the magnitude of possible horizontal displacements in relation to vertical displacements.

Geodetic Measurement of Vertical Displacements (Illustrated with the Slovenian Viaduct)

2015 ◽  
Vol 725-726 ◽  
pp. 913-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boštjan Kovačič ◽  
Rok Kamnik ◽  
Nikolay Vatin
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Geodetic Measurement ◽  
Basic Goal ◽  
Vertical Displacements ◽  
Analysis Of Results ◽  
Load Tests ◽  
Geometric Changes ◽  
Displacement Measurements

Today there are a lot of sophisticated methods to measure and analyse a bridge during load tests as a GPS, photogrammetric measurements, laser scanning, etc., The use of an classical techniques as trigonometric hights is still good enough for most demanding field observations. In practice control measurements are performed with the help of geodetic measurements, of which the basic goal is to capture any geometric changes in the measured object, or its displacements and deformations are found. In this article the use of trigonometric hights during a load test on the biggest Slovenian viaduct “Črni Kal” is introduced, displacement measurements on the viaduct and an analysis of results, with particular stress on the accuracy of the calculations.

scholarly journals Measurements of the Vertical Displacements of a Railway Bridge Using TLS Technology in the Context of the Upgrade of the Polish Railway Transport

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (19) ◽  
pp. 4275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pelagia Gawronek ◽  
Maria Makuch ◽  
Bartosz Mitka ◽  
Tadeusz Gargula
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Structure Stability ◽  
Steel Bridge ◽  
Railway Bridge ◽  
Land Surveying ◽  
High Speed Trains ◽  
Railway System

The railway system in Poland is undergoing technological transformation. The development of the Polish railway system concerns not only high-speed trains but also infrastructure. The steel bridge is the most popular type of railway bridge in Poland. Most of them were built in the 1950s and 1960s. According to the recommendations in place in Western Europe, such railway bridges should be reviewed in terms of their fitness for use with modern high-speed trains. The modern technological revolution affects not only the railway, but also developments in displacement and deformation measurement techniques. New technologies provide more objective measurement results and accelerate results processing. They also facilitate the non-contact measurement of bridge structure stability. The authors investigated the vertical displacement of an old steel railway bridge in three different, specific case studies of terrestrial laser scanning data application. Then, the results of 3D data were compared with traditional land surveying results. The scientific results led to a conclusion that a strictly determined methodology of the measurement and analysis of a terrestrial laser scanner results supported by traditional land surveying techniques facilitates the determination of the vertical displacement of bridges with acceptable accuracy.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Performance Indicator of Railway Bridges Using Updated Finite Element Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
Sokol Milan ◽  
Márföldi Monika ◽  
Venglár Michal ◽  
Lamperová Katarína
Keyword(s):  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Railway Bridge ◽  
Railway Bridges ◽  
Evaluation Of Performance ◽  
Bridge Structures ◽  
Steel Railway Bridge

AbstractStructural health monitoring (SHM) can provide information needed to make important decisions regarding the maintenance of bridge structures. However, the data collected from monitoring needs to be first translated into actionable, quantitative or qualitative based characteristics, that indicate the condition of a bridge. This paper presents a process of evaluation of such performance indicator in case of a steel railway bridge using the updated FE model and in-situ measurements of strains on selected stringers and floorbeams.

scholarly journals The History of the Railway Bridges by the Citadel in Warsaw

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-169
Author(s):  
T. Bladyniec
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Railway Bridge ◽  
World War ◽  
Railway Bridges ◽  
History Of ◽  
Steel Railway Bridge

AbstractIn 1875 a steel railway bridge was built in northern Warsaw. It had seven spans of 66.22 m and two spans of 15.24 m. In 1908 the second railway bridge was built downstream of the older one. The spacing of supports and spans were the same as in the older bridge. During World War I, both bridges were blown up and then rebuilt, first temporarily and then permanently. Again both were blown up in 1944. In 1945, a temporary crossing was built. In 1947 a permanent bridge was rebuilt, partially replacing rivets with welding. On the pillars of the older bridge, the Gdański Bridge was built (not in this study). In 1963 welded connections were strengthened, in 1980 the structure of the northern track was replaced. In 2016, the northern track was renovated. The replacement of the structure of the southern track is ongoing since 2018.

scholarly journals Accuracy Assessment of Semi-Automatic Measuring Techniques Applied to Displacement Control in Self-Balanced Pile Capacity Testing Appliance

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 4067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Muszyński ◽  
Jarosław Rybak ◽  
Paulina Kaczor
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Static Load ◽  
Accuracy Assessment ◽  
Reference Beam ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Static Load Test ◽  
Automatic Measuring ◽  
Measuring Techniques ◽  
Vertical Displacements ◽  
Load Tests

Static load tests of foundation piles are the basic method for the designing or verification of adopted design solutions which concern the foundation of a building structure. Preparation of a typical test station using the so-called inverted beam method is very expensive and labor-intensive. The settlement values of the loaded pile are usually recorded using accurate dial gauges. These gauges are attached to a reference beam located in close proximity to the pile under test, which may cause systematic errors (difficult to detect) caused by the displacement of the adopted reference beam. The application of geodetic methods makes it possible to maintain an independent, external reference system, and to verify the readouts from dial gauges. The article presents an innovative instrumentation for a self-balanced stand for the static load test made from a closed-end, double steel pipe. Instead of typical, precise geometric leveling, the semi-automatic measuring techniques were used: motorized total station measurement and terrestrial laser scanning controlled by a computer. The processing of the acquired data made it possible to determine the vertical displacements of both parts of the examined pile and compare displacements with the results from the dial gauges. On the basis of the excess of the collected observations, it was possible to assess the accuracy, which confirmed the usefulness of measuring techniques under study.

scholarly journals The Function of A Set-Aside Railway Bridge in Connecting Urban Habitats for Animals: A Case Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitte Braschler ◽  
Claudine Dolt ◽  
Bruno Baur
Keyword(s):  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Railway Bridge ◽  
Urban Habitats ◽  
Rove Beetles ◽  
Railway Bridges ◽  
Gravel Bed ◽  
Bridge Crossing ◽  
Steel Railway Bridge

As elements of green infrastructure, railway embankments are important corridors in urban environments connecting otherwise isolated habitat fragments. They are interrupted when railways cross major roads. It is not known whether dispersing animals use railway bridges to cross roads. We examined the function of a set-aside iron-steel railway bridge crossing a 12 m wide road with high traffic density in Basel (Switzerland) for dispersing animals. We installed drift fences with traps on a single-track, 32 m long and 6 m wide railway bridge with a simple gravel bed, and collected animals daily for 9 months. We captured more than 1200 animals crossing the bridge: small mammals, reptiles and amphibians as well as numerous invertebrates including snails, woodlice, spiders, harvestmen, millipedes, carabids, rove beetles and ants. For some animals it is likely that the gravel bed, at least temporarily, serves as a habitat. Many animals, however, were apparently dispersing, using the bridge to cross the busy road. We found season- and daytime-dependent differences in the frequency the bridge was used. Our findings indicate an important function of a set-aside railway bridges for connecting urban habitats. As most animal dispersal was recorded during the night, railway bridges with no (or little) traffic during the night may also contribute to animal dispersal. As important elements of green infrastructure, set-aside railway bridges should be considered in future urban planning.

Full-Scale Tests of a Railway Bridge

1998 ◽  
Vol 1624 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Manos Maragakis ◽  
Bruce M. Douglas ◽  
Qingbin Chen ◽  
U. Sandirasegaram
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Seismic Event ◽  
Ultimate Load ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Railway Bridge ◽  
Bridge Abutments ◽  
Railway Bridges ◽  
Load Tests ◽  
Full Scale Tests

Full-scale resonance and ultimate load tests of the Strawberry Park Underpass were conducted in March 1995. This bridge was typical of many railway bridges around the country—a two-span, 45.2-m (148-ft) long ballasted through plate girder railway bridge. It was located in Los Angeles and scheduled for removal in spring 1995. This fact allowed failure tests to be performed with the pushing loads applied at the bridge abutments. The main objectives of this experiment were to measure the dynamic properties of the bridge with and without the rails and to begin to identify the extent to which the unique railway bridge components, consisting of the rails, ties, ballast, and ballast pan, help strengthen it during a seismic event. It was found that the removal of the rails alone resulted in a slightly softer system and that the railway elements increased the ultimate capacity of the bridge significantly.

Fatigue Phenomenon Analysis of the Steel Railway Bridges with Short and Medium Span

2014 ◽  
Vol 587-589 ◽  
pp. 1416-1419
Author(s):  
Stefan I. Gutiu ◽  
Catalin Moga
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Design Activity ◽  
Steel Bridge ◽  
Railway Bridge ◽  
Railway Bridges ◽  
Steel Railway Bridge

This paper presents the fatigue checking methodology of the steel bridge members according to Romanian norm SR 1911-98 and EN 1993-1-9. A comparative analysis regarding the fatigue checking of the main girders of a 30 m span steel railway bridge is made. The concluding remarks and observations are useful in the design activity of this type of structures.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document