scholarly journals Exploring the relationships among stoichiometric coefficients, number of transferred electrons, mean oxidation number of carbons, and oxidative ratio in organic combustion reactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pong Kau Yuen ◽  
Cheng Man Diana Lau
Keyword(s):  
Redox Reactions ◽  
Molecular Formula ◽  
Chemistry Curriculum ◽  
Oxidation Number ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Combustion reactions, stoichiometry, and redox reactions are some of the basic contents in chemistry curriculum. Although the counting of transferred electrons is critical in redox reactions, assigning mean oxidation number of organic carbons (ONc) is not always easy. Even though the relationship between the oxidative ratio (OR) and ONc is known, the relationship between the number of transferred electrons (Te−) and OR has not been thoroughly studied. The H-atom method has already been developed to balance and deduct organic combustion reactions. It can be used further to help establish the relationships among the stoichiometric coefficients (SC), the number of transferred hydrogens (TH), and Te−. This article uses the procedures of the H-atom method for balancing and deducting, and the known relationships among SC, TH, and Te− for exploring the relationships among SC, Te−, ONc, and OR in organic combustion reactions. By integrating three sets of relationships: (i) SC and Te−, (ii) Te− and ON, and (iii) SC and OR, the interconversions among SC, Te−, ONc, and OR can be mathematically formulated. Furthermore, Te−, ONc, and OR can be assigned by SC and the general molecular formula of CxHyOzXw.

scholarly journals Application of stoichiometric hydrogen atoms for balancing organic combustion reactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pong Kau Yuen ◽  
Cheng Man Diana Lau
Keyword(s):  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Chemistry Curriculum ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Oxidation Number ◽  
Simple Arithmetic ◽  
General Chemical ◽  
Redox Indicator ◽  
Mathematical Formulas ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Chemical Formulas

Abstract Combustion is a common redox reaction, and organic combustion is one of the basic contents in chemistry curriculum. The transferred H-atom is commonly used as a redox indicator in organic chemistry and biochemistry. Nevertheless, the relationship between the number of transferred H-atoms and the number of transferred electrons has not been fully revealed. Oxidation number (ON) is an electron-counting concept. Without knowing the ONs, the number of transferred electrons cannot be counted and therefore, the redox reactions cannot be classified, defined, and balanced. This paper explores the new H-atom method for counting the number of transferred H-atoms. It provides a half-reaction approach to balance the overall organic combustion reactions. Only simple arithmetic procedures are needed to determine the number of transferred H-atoms and consequently the number of transferred electrons. According to this method, the mathematical formulas for assigning the number of transferred H-atoms can be deducted by balancing the general chemical formulas of organic compounds in half and overall organic combustions. Furthermore, the number of transferred electrons and their stoichiometric categories can be determined conveniently by any given organic chemical formula in organic combustion reactions.

scholarly journals Studi Perbandingan Pengajaran Reaksi Reduksi Oksidasi Antara Cara Perubahan Bilangan Oksidasi dengan Cara Setengah Reaksi terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas XII IPA 1 dan XII IPA 2

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 353
Author(s):  
Fauziah Fauziah
Keyword(s):  
Redox Reaction ◽  
Redox Reactions ◽  
Oxidation Number ◽  
Reduction Reactions ◽  
Reaction Method ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Reaction Coefficient ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Student Grades ◽  
Train Of Thought

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Redox) are one of the hardest reactions to equalize, this means that it is hard to determine the suitable Reaction Coefficient. An easier and more logical train of thought is to remember that a Reduction and an Oxidation reaction happens simultaneously. A Redox Reaction has two methods in order to equalize, that which is by using the “Change in Oxidation Number” method or the “Half-Reaction (Ion-Electron)” method. The students’ skills in completing a Redox Reaction can be observed in the grades that they have achieved. This observation is intended to find out if there is a difference in students’ grades if you were to teach them about the equalization of Redox Reactions using either of these two methods (the “Change in Oxidation Number” method and the “Half-Reaction” method).  The population in this observation consists of the students of Class XII IPA 1 and Class XII IPA 2 of SMAS PERTIWI Jambi that are studying Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. Sample members consist of the students of Class XII IPA 1 and the students of Class XII IPA 3 of SMAS Pertiwi Jambi. The measuring instrument used is a test that has fulfilled standards. Normality tests and Homogeneity tests of the sample in question has been done before the Hypothetical test was implemented.  The average grades of students using the “Change in Oxidation Number” method and the “Half-Reaction” method is 11.75 and 10.8 respectively. The T-value of calculations is approximately 1.81 while the T-value of tables is approximately 2.00. With the Level of Significance being 0.05.  From the data provided above, it can be concluded that there is no difference in student grades whether the “Change in Oxidation Numbers” method or the “Half-Reaction” method is used to equalize Redox Reactions in applicative aspects.

scholarly journals Balancing redox equations through zero oxidation number method

2022 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengping Zheng
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Redox Reactions ◽  
First Year ◽  
Oxidation Number ◽  
School Students ◽  
Reaction Method

Abstract Many high school students and first-year undergraduate students find it difficult to balance redox reactions. A method using zero oxidation number to balance redox equations is presented herein. This method may shorten the balancing time and lessen the effort. It is a helpful complement to the traditional oxidation number method and half-reaction method.

scholarly journals Gestational nutrition 2: gene expression in sheep fetal ovaries exposed to gestational under nutrition

Reproduction ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
Peter Smith ◽  
Jennifer Juengel ◽  
Paul Maclean ◽  
Christy Rand ◽  
Jo-Ann L Stanton
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Redox Reactions ◽  
Ovarian Development ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Nucleic Acid Binding ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
Dna Libraries ◽  
Ion Proton ◽  
Activation Pathways ◽  
The Relationship

A number of studies have demonstrated effects of gestational undernutrition on fetal ovarian development and postnatal female fertility. However, the mechanism underlying these effects remains elusive. Using a cohort of animals in which altered gestational nutrition affected indicators of postnatal fertility, this study applies RNAseq to fetal ovaries to identify affected genes and pathways that may underlie the relationship between gestational plane of nutrition and postnatal fertility. Pregnant ewes were exposed to either a maintenance diet or 0.6 of maintenance for the first 55 days of gestation followed by an ad libitum diet. Complementary DNA libraries were constructed from 5 to 6 fetal ovaries from each nutritional group at both days 55 and 75 of gestation and sequenced using Ion Proton. Of approximately 16,000 transcripts, 69 genes were differentially expressed at day 55 and 145 genes differentially expressed at day 75. At both gestational ages, genes expressed preferentially in germ cells were common among the differentially expressed genes. Enriched gene ontology terms included ion transport, nucleic acid binding, protease inhibitor activity and carrier proteins of the albumin family. Affected pathways identified by IPA analysis included LXR/RXR activation, FXR/RXR activation, pathways associated with nitric oxide production and citrullination (by NOS1), vitamin C transport and metabolism and REDOX reactions. The data offer some insights into potential mechanisms underlying the relationship between gestational plane of nutrition and postnatal fertility observed in these animals. In particular, the roles of nitric oxide and protease inhibitors in germ cell development are highlighted and warrant further study.

scholarly journals Perspectives on fracking from the sacrifice zone: young people's knowledge, beliefs and attitudes

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 714-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynda Dunlop ◽  
Lucy Atkinson ◽  
Maria Turkenburg-van Diepen
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Chemistry Education ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Chemistry Curriculum ◽  
Focus Group Study ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Sacrifice ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Beliefs And Attitudes

Fracking is a controversial process that requires both chemical and political knowledge in order for young people to make informed decisions and hold industry and government to account. It does not appear in the English chemistry curriculum and little is known about young people's beliefs about fracking, nor of their attitudes towards it. In this study we focus on young people in schools or colleges within a 20 mile radius of the nearest urban area to a fracking site in England. An in-depth qualitative focus group study was used to investigate the knowledge, beliefs and attitudes of 84 young people aged 16–19 in 4 schools and colleges. Young people reported knowledge about the process of fracking and to a lesser extent its social, economic and environmental impacts and associated regulation. Formal education was an important, if limited, source of information that tended to be trusted by young people. Negative and ambivalent attitudes towards fracking dominated, with the use of economic, environmental and social frames used by young people to inform their responses to fracking. Support for fracking hinged mainly upon energy supply and energy sovereignty. Fracking was opposed because of detrimental environmental and economic impacts, the impacts of associated protests and because of the political handling of decisions about fracking. The exclusion of young people, and the population of the area more broadly, from participation in decision-making has led to young people's disaffection with political processes and cynicism about the relationship between government and industry. The case of fracking demonstrates the importance of creating space for attention to political processes in chemistry education, and for engaging with young people about energy interventions in their community.

Effects of the dipolar double layer on elemental electrode processes at micro- and macro-interfaces

2018 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 219-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koichi Jeremiah Aoki ◽  
Jingyuan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Double Layer ◽  
Redox Reactions ◽  
Domain Size ◽  
Electrode Processes ◽  
The Relationship

The present work reveals the role of nano-interfaces on domain size and the thickness in the context of the relationship between double layer impedances and redox reactions.

Oxidation number in auto-redox reactions

1951 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Lawrence P. Eblin
Keyword(s):  
Redox Reactions ◽  
Oxidation Number

Medicinal Chemistry Meets Electrochemistry: Redox Potential in the Role of Endpoint or Molecular Descriptor in QSAR/QSPR

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 1341-1356
Author(s):  
Karel Nesměrák
Keyword(s):  
Redox Potential ◽  
Redox Reactions ◽  
Medicinal Chemistry ◽  
Molecular Descriptor ◽  
Redox Properties ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Activity ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

Many biochemical reactions are based on redox reactions. Therefore, the redox potential of a chemical compound may be related to its therapeutic or physiological effects. The study of redox properties of compounds is a domain of electrochemistry. The subject of this review is the relationship between electrochemistry and medicinal chemistry, with a focus on quantifying these relationships. A summary of the relevant achievements in the correlation between redox potential and structure, therapeutic activity, resp., is presented. The first part of the review examines the applicability of QSPR for the prediction of redox properties of medically important compounds. The second part brings the exhaustive review of publications using redox potential as a molecular descriptor in QSAR of biological activity. Despite the complexity of medicinal chemistry and biological reactions, it is possible to employ redox potential in QSAR/QSPR. In many cases, this electrochemical parameter plays an essential but rarely absolute role.

Capturing student conceptions of thermodynamics and kinetics using writing

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 922-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Finkenstaedt-Quinn ◽  
A. S. Halim ◽  
G. Kasner ◽  
C. A. Wilhelm ◽  
A. Moon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Writing To Learn ◽  
Student Writing ◽  
Chemistry Curriculum ◽  
Student Conceptions ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Thermodynamics And Kinetics ◽  
Key Topics ◽  
Learn Activity ◽  
The Relationship

Thermodynamics and kinetics are key topics in the chemistry curriculum that pose challenges to students across a range of educational levels. These struggles arise from the complexity and mixed representations inherent to the topics. Additionally, while thermodynamics and kinetics are related, students struggle to make conceptually correct connections, sometimes seeing them as two separate topics with no relation and other times conflating their meanings and explanatory powers. Herein we captured student conceptions about thermodynamics and kinetics through a Writing-to-Learn activity that utilized peer review and revision to engage students with the concepts by applying them to a real-world context. This study identified whether students focused on the concepts targeted by the assignment and characterized the chemistry content of the peer review feedback. Students’ descriptions of thermodynamics and kinetics content, as well as the relationship between the two and how they connect to the application given in the assignment, improved during the process and suggests that peer review and revision played an important role in supporting students to describe these concepts. When guided by a content-focused peer review rubric, students provided constructive chemistry content-directed feedback. Specifically, analysis of student writing and comments demonstrated the potential of the assignment to engage students in building connections between complexly related topics, including distinguishing between sponteneity and rate and appropriately relating activation energy and rate. Findings from this study suggest that writing can be used to elicit student-specific conceptions of physical chemistry topics and develop students’ explanatory skills of chemistry content even without direct instructor feedback.

Interstellar gas in the central region of the Galaxy

1967 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 239-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Galactic Plane ◽  
Neutral Hydrogen ◽  
Continuum Emission ◽  
Galactic Centre ◽  
Interstellar Gas ◽  
Hydrogen Recombination ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Centre Region ◽  
The Relationship

A review is given of information on the galactic-centre region obtained from recent observations of the 21-cm line from neutral hydrogen, the 18-cm group of OH lines, a hydrogen recombination line at 6 cm wavelength, and the continuum emission from ionized hydrogen.Both inward and outward motions are important in this region, in addition to rotation. Several types of observation indicate the presence of material in features inclined to the galactic plane. The relationship between the H and OH concentrations is not yet clear, but a rough picture of the central region can be proposed.

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