scholarly journals Kinetic investigation of styrene emulsion polymerization with surface-active polyelectrolytes as emulsifier, 1 Kinetic study

e-Polymers ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Kato ◽  
Kiyoshi Suzuki ◽  
Mamoru Nomura
Keyword(s):  
Emulsion Polymerization ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Monomer Concentration ◽  
Potassium Persulfate ◽  
Polymeric Surfactant ◽  
Emulsion Copolymerization ◽  
Rate Of Polymerization ◽  
Initial Monomer ◽  
Polymeric Emulsifier ◽  
Surface Active

AbstractA copolymer of methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid to be used as a polymeric surfactant was synthesized by emulsifier-free semi-batch emulsion copolymerization. Emulsion polymerization of styrene was carried out at 50°C utilizing the ammonium salt of the copolymer as the polymeric emulsifier and potassium persulfate as the initiator, respectively. Both the number of polymer particles produced and the rate of polymerization were proportional to the 0.6 power of the initial emulsifier concentration, to the 0.4 power of the initial initiator concentration, and independent of the initial monomer concentration, respectively. These relationships are almost the same as those observed in the emulsion polymerization of styrene conducted using conventional surfactants like sodium dodecyl sulfate as the emulsifier and potassium persulfate as the initiator.

scholarly journals Synthesis and kinetic studies of TiO2/polystyrene composite particles by emulsion polymerization

e-Polymers ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang Jianmin ◽  
Peng Zheng ◽  
Sun Xiuguo ◽  
Wang Caihui ◽  
Gao Jungang
Keyword(s):  
Emulsion Polymerization ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Monomer Concentration ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Composite Particles ◽  
Polymerization Temperature ◽  
Initiator Concentration ◽  
Potassium Persulphate ◽  
Initial Monomer ◽  
Emulsifier Concentration

AbstractIn the presence of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles, emulsion polymerization of styrene with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) as an emulsifier and potassium persulphate as an initiator was investigated in detail. It was shown that SDS concentration influences the morphology of the composite particles in higher degree. Moreover, the effects of operating variables such as emulsifier concentrations, initiator concentration, monomer concentration, and polymerization temperature on the kinetic features were also examined. The kinetic data showed that at conditions studied, the rate of polymerization over interval II was proportional to the 0.68 power of the initial emulsifier concentration, to the 2.2 power of the initial initiator concentration and to the 1.6 power of the initial monomer‟s concentration. The initiator concentration has a dominant effect on the rate of the polymerization. The appropriate conditions for polymerization were obtained when emulsifier concentration of 6.5×10-3 mol·L-1, initiator concentration of 4.4×10-3 mol·L-1, the polymerization temperature of 75 °C and the initial monomer‟s concentration of 0.288 mol·L-1 were used. The polymerization rate obtained is more favorable than that of the conventional emulsion approach. The experimental results can be reasonably ascribed to the nucleation mechanism of “TiO2/SDS” micelles in the emulsion polymerization of styrene.

Encapsulation of silica nanoparticles by poly(methyl methacrylate-co-styrene) via emulsion polymerization using dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate

e-Polymers ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Barari ◽  
Naser Sharifi-Sanjani
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Silica Nanoparticles ◽  
Emulsion Polymerization ◽  
Monomer Concentration ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Potential Measurement ◽  
Emulsion Copolymerization ◽  
Dimethylaminoethyl Methacrylate

AbstractEncapsulation of silica nanoparticles was performed by emulsion copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene (St) using dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DM) as an auxiliary monomer. The emulsion polymerization was performed in the presence of silica nanoparticles as the seed to obtain encapsulated silica nanoparticles with polymer content and average particle sizes ranged from 35 wt. % to 85 wt. % and 114 to 272 nm respectively. Electrostatic attraction between anionic surface of silica beads and cationic amino groups of DM is the main driving force for the encapsulation of the silica nanoparticles. The influence of MMA, St and DM concentration on the coating of the silica nanoparticles was studied. It was demonstrated that DM has an important role in stabilizing the system. Transmission electron microscopy showed that coreshell structures with silica particles as core were coated with the polymer, of which the amount and morphology were influenced by the total monomer concentration and molar ratio of MMA to St. Zeta potential measurement confirmed the presence of DM on the surface of composite particles. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the incorporation of silica in polymer matrix results in an enhancement of thermal stability in the encapsulated products. Differential scanning calorimetry studies indicated that the glass transition temperature of encapsulated particles can be either higher or lower than those of the pure terpolymer counterpart, depending on the DM content of the polymer shell. The products were also characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy.

scholarly journals Rheological Properties in Aqueous Solution for Hydrophobically Modified Polyacrylamides Prepared in Inverse Emulsion Polymerization

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley Carro ◽  
Valeria J. Gonzalez-Coronel ◽  
Jorge Castillo-Tejas ◽  
Hortensia Maldonado-Textle ◽  
Nancy Tepale
Keyword(s):  
Emulsion Polymerization ◽  
Shear Viscosity ◽  
Hydrophobic Interactions ◽  
Monomer Concentration ◽  
Feed Composition ◽  
Inverse Emulsion Polymerization ◽  
Inverse Emulsion ◽  
Hydrophobically Modified ◽  
Initial Monomer ◽  
Modified Polyacrylamide

Inverse emulsion polymerization technique was employed to synthesize hydrophobically modified polyacrylamide polymers with hydrophobe contents near to feed composition. Three different structures were obtained: multisticker, telechelic, and combined. N-Dimethyl-acrylamide (DMAM), n-dodecylacrylamide (DAM), and n-hexadecylacrylamide (HDAM) were used as hydrophobic comonomers. The effect of the hydrophobe length of comonomer, the initial monomer, and surfactant concentrations on shear viscosity was studied. Results show that the molecular weight of copolymer increases with initial monomer concentration and by increasing emulsifier concentration it remained almost constant. Shear viscosity measurements results show that the length of the hydrophobic comonomer augments the hydrophobic interactions causing an increase in viscosity and that the polymer thickening ability is higher for combined polymers.

Kinetics of Impinging Streams Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene

2011 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 1402-1405
Author(s):  
Qing Chun Fan ◽  
Tian Wu ◽  
Guang Wei He ◽  
Fei Hong Duan
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Apparent Activation Energy ◽  
Emulsion Polymerization ◽  
Potassium Persulfate ◽  
Rate Of Polymerization ◽  
Kinetics Of

This study is focused on the effects of the amount of initiator (potassium persulfate, KPS), monomer (styrene, St), emulsifiers, and temperature on the rate of polymerization. The experiment results show that the rate of polymerization is: Rp=K[KPS]1.374[St]1.479[S]0.875, and the apparent activation energy of polymerization is 94.64 kJ/mol.

scholarly journals Self-Initiated Butyl Acrylate Polymerizations in Bulk and in Solution Monitored By In-Line Techniques

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2021
Author(s):  
Jonas Mätzig ◽  
Marco Drache ◽  
Sabine Beuermann
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Monomer Concentration ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Polymerization Rate ◽  
Additional Parameter ◽  
Initial Monomer Concentration ◽  
Rate Of Polymerization ◽  
Initial Monomer ◽  
Kinetics Of

High-temperature acrylate polymerizations are technically relevant, but yet not fully understood. In particular the mechanism and the kinetics of the thermal self-initiation is a topic of current research. To obtain more detailed information the conversion dependence of the polymerization rate, rbr, is determined via in-line DSC and FT-NIR spectroscopy for reactions in bulk and in solution at temperatures ranging from 80 to 160 °C. Solution polymerizations revealed that dioxane is associated with the highest rbr, while aromatic solvents result in the lowest values of rbr. Interestingly, rbr for polymerizations in solution with dioxane depends on the actual monomer concentration at a given time in the system, but is not depending on the initial monomer concentration. The overall rate of polymerization in bulk and in solution is well represented by an equation with three or four parameters, respectively, being estimated by multiple linear regression and the temperature as additional parameter.

Kinetics and mechanism of miniemulsion polymerization of a sparingly water-soluble fluoro monomer

e-Polymers ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoshi Suzuki ◽  
Yasutaka Yamada ◽  
Kazumi Fujita ◽  
Mamoru Nomura ◽  
Hideya Saito
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate ◽  
Emulsion Polymerization ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Miniemulsion Polymerization ◽  
Kinetics And Mechanism ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Initiator Concentration ◽  
Rate Of Polymerization ◽  
Polymerization System ◽  
Kinetics Of

AbstractIn order to clarify the kinetics and mechanism of miniemulsion polymerization of a sparingly water-soluble monomer, the miniemulsion polymerization of 1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluorodecyl acrylate was conducted at 50°C using potassium persulfate as initiator and sodium dodecyl sulfate as emulsifier, respectively. It was found that the rate of polymerization was proportional to the 0.65 power of the initial initiator concentration and to the 0.30 power of the number of miniemulsion droplets (latex particles). It is pointed out that the kinetics of this polymerization system may be subject to the modified case III kinetics of emulsion polymerization with predominant bimolecular termination in the aqueous phase.

Heat Transfer Enhancement in Separation Process of Ethanol from Ethanol Water Mixture by Using Surfactants

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Acharya Anil Ramchandra ◽  
R. Kadam ◽  
A. T. Pise
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Transfer Enhancement ◽  
Surface Tension Reduction ◽  
Surface Active Agents ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Time Required

Here the investigations are done while distillation of ethanol-water mixture for separating ethanol from fermentation process. Focus is to study reduction in time required and hence saving in energy for the distillation process of ethanol-water mixture under the influence of surface-active agents (Surfactants). This novelty is from observation of these surfactants to enhance heat transfer rate because of surface tension reduction in aqueous solutions. SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate), NH4Cl (Ammonium Chloride) and SLBS (Sodium lauryl benzene sulphonate) surfactants in different concentration are experimented. The concentration of these surfactant is varied from 1700 ppm to 2800 ppm. This range is decided by observing critical micelle concentration of used surfactants. Results showed that time is reduced and hence energy consumption is also reduced. Results shown by NH4Cl are found to be more useful as it is ecofriendly surfactant which is not affecting ethanol-water mixture. Use of ammonium chloride as surfactant in distillation is actually useful to reduce energy without hampering the quality of process is the novelty of this work.

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