scholarly journals The synergism of MgCO3 and 2ZnCO3·3ZnO·4H2O as flame retardants and smoke suppressants for flexible poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)

e-Polymers ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongqiang Qu ◽  
Weihong Wu ◽  
Yunhong Jiao ◽  
Jixing Xie ◽  
Jianzhong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Char Residue ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Synergistic Agent

AbstractMgCO3 and 2ZnCO3·3ZnO·4H2O (AZC) as flame-retardants and smoke suppressants for flexible poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was evaluated using limiting oxygen index (LOI), smoke density rating (SDR) tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). The activation energy (Ea) of the original and flame retardant PVCs’ degradation processes was calculated by the Vyazovkin method. The results showed that the AZC can be used as a synergistic agent for MgCO3 as flame retardants agent of flexible PVC. The composites of MgCO3 and AZC cannot only decrease the initial decomposition temperature and increase the weight loss rate in the first stage, but also can promote the char formation in the second stage. The AZC decreased the Ea of the degradation reaction of PVC in the first stage and MgCO3 increased the Ea in the second stage, which means that the AZC combined with MgCO3, catalyzed the dehydrochlorination, promoted the early crosslinking for the PVC compound and improve the stability of the char residue. The SEM results also show that the char residue of MgCO3/AZC treated sample has a continuous and denser structure, which can be used as a barrier for the PVC bulk.

Zinc Hydroxystannate-Coated Mineral Grade Mg(OH)2 as Flame-Retardant and Smoke Suppression for Flexible PVC

2013 ◽  
Vol 652-654 ◽  
pp. 481-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun Zheng Wang ◽  
Wei Hong Wu ◽  
Xia Ye ◽  
Lei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Smoke Suppression ◽  
Crosslinking Reaction ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Smoke Suppressant ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Zinc Hydroxystannate ◽  
The Stability

A zinc hydroxystannate-coated mineral grade Mg(OH)2 (ZHSCMH) was synthesized as flame retardant and smoke suppressant for flexible poly (vinyl chloride). The powder of ZHSCMH was characterized by the x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The flame retardancy, smoke suppression and thermal behavior of PVC treated with ZHSCMH and mineral grade Mg(OH)2 were comparative studied by means of limiting oxygen index (LOI), smoke density rating (SDR), thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermogravimetry (DTG) and SEM. The results show that, ZHSCMH can be used as a high effective flame retardant and smoke suppressant for PVC. The flame retardant of ZHSCMH can effectively promote the crosslinking reaction of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) in the first stage, and improve the stability of the char residue in the second stage.

A Series of Metal Molybdates as Flame-Retardants and Smoke Suppressants for Flexible PVC

2013 ◽  
Vol 634-638 ◽  
pp. 1881-1885
Author(s):  
Lei Liu ◽  
Wei Hong Wu ◽  
Huan Huan Xue ◽  
Hong Qiang Qu
Keyword(s):  
Lewis Acid ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Smoke Suppression ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Strong Lewis Acid ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Differential Thermogravimetry

A series of metal molybdates were synthesized as flame-retardants and smoke suppressants for flexible poly (vinyl chloride). The powder of molybdates was characterized by the x-ray diffraction. The flame retardancy, smoke suppression and thermal behavior of PVC treated with a series of molybdates were studied by means of limiting oxygen index (LOI), smoke density rating (SDR), thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermogravimetry (DTG), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results shown that, the flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance of PVC samples depend on the strength of the Lewis acid which generated in the first degradation stage and the stability of residue char in the second stage. While the strong Lewis acid can also function as cracking catalysts in the second stage, and cracking of the principally hydrocarbon char can promote the generation of volatile organic compounds, which act as efficient fuels. This situation results in less smoke, but increased flame.

Epoxy Resins Treated with Magnesium-Containing Compounds in Material Engineering

2013 ◽  
Vol 648 ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Chun Feng Sun ◽  
Ming Gao
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Char Yield ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Smoke Density ◽  
Integral Procedure ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants

A novel cheap macromolecular intumescent flame retardants (Mg-MIFR), was synthesized, and its structure was a caged bicyclic macromolecule containing phosphorus- magnesium characterized by IR. Epoxy resins (EP) were modified with Mg-MIFR to get the flame retardant EP, whose flammability and burning behavior were characterized by UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), dilatation, char yield, smoke density rating (SDR) and maximum smoke density (MSD). The epoxy resins were obtained for the UL 94 V-0 rating at low Mg contents of 4.0% get a LOI of 27.0% and char yield of 19.8%. Dilatation, SDR and MSD of EP/Mg-MIFR decreased. The degradation behavior of the EP/Mg-MIFR was studied by TG and EDX analysis. The experimental results exhibited that the initial decomposition temperature (IDT) was decreased, integral procedure decomposition temperature (IPDT) and amounts of Mg and P at the residue were increased.

Epoxy Resins Treated with Metal-Containing Flame Retardant

2012 ◽  
Vol 466-467 ◽  
pp. 495-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Gao ◽  
Ying Juan Sun
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Char Yield ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Smoke Density ◽  
Integral Procedure ◽  
Ul 94

A novel cheap macromolecular intumescent flame retardants (Zn-MIFR), was synthesized, and its structure was a caged bicyclic macromolecule containing phosphorus-silicon characterized by IR. Epoxy resins (EP) were modified with Zn-MIFR to get the flame retardant EP, whose flammability and burning behavior were characterized by UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), dilatation, char yield, smoke density rating (SDR) and maximum smoke density (MSD). The epoxy resins were obtained for the UL 94 V-0 rating at low Zn contents of 3.0 % get a LOI of 27.5% and char yield of 20.5%. Dilatation, SDR and MSD of EP/Zn-MIFR decreased. The degradation behavior of the EP/Zn-MIFR was studied by TG and EDX analysis. The experimental results exhibited that the initial decomposition temperature (IDT) was decreased, integral procedure decomposition temperature (IPDT) and amounts of Zn and P at the residue were increased.

Thermal Behavior of Epoxy Resins Containing Manganese Compounds

2014 ◽  
Vol 983 ◽  
pp. 171-174
Author(s):  
Fa Chao Wu ◽  
Shuang Tian ◽  
Song Liu
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Char Yield ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Smoke Density ◽  
Integral Procedure ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants

A novel cheap macromolecular intumescent flame retardants (Mn-MIFR), was synthesized. Epoxy resins (EP) were modified with Mn-MIFR to get the flame retardant EP, whose flammability and burning behavior were characterized by UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), dilatation, char yield, smoke density rating (SDR) and maximum smoke density (MSD). The epoxy resins were obtained for the UL 94 V-0 rating at low Mn contents of 4.0 % get a LOI of 26.5% and char yield of 18.2%. Dilatation, SDR and MSD of EP/Mn-MIFR decreased. The degradation behavior of the EP/Mn-MIFR was studied by TG and EDX analysis. The experimental results exhibited that the initial decomposition temperature (IDT) was decreased, integral procedure decomposition temperature (IPDT) and amounts of Mn and P at the residue were increased.

Thermal Degradation of Epoxy Resins Containing Aluminum Compounds

2013 ◽  
Vol 423-426 ◽  
pp. 574-577
Author(s):  
Yong Li Yang
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Char Yield ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Smoke Density ◽  
Aluminum Compounds ◽  
Integral Procedure ◽  
Ul 94

A novel cheap macromolecular intumescent flame retardants (Al-MIFR), was synthesized, and its structure was a caged bicyclic macromolecule containing phosphorus-aluminum characterized by IR. Epoxy resins (EP) were modified with Al-MIFR to get the flame retardant EP, whose flammability and burning behavior were characterized by UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), dilatation, char yield, smoke density rating (SDR) and maximum smoke density (MSD). The epoxy resins were obtained for the UL 94 V-0 rating at low Al contents of 4.0 % get a LOI of 26.8% and char yield of 19.5%. Dilatation, SDR and MSD of EP/Al-MIFR decreased. The degradation behavior of the EP/Al-MIFR was studied by TG and EDX analysis. The experimental results exhibited that the initial decomposition temperature (IDT) was decreased, integral procedure decomposition temperature (IPDT) and amounts of Al and P at the residue were increased.

Epoxy Resins Treated with Novel Silicon-Containing Flame Retardant

2012 ◽  
Vol 560-561 ◽  
pp. 563-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Gao ◽  
Ying Juan Sun
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Char Yield ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Smoke Density ◽  
Integral Procedure ◽  
Ul 94

A novel cheap macromolecular intumescent flame retardants (Si-MIFR), was synthesized, and its structure was a caged bicyclic macromolecule containing phosphorus-silicon characterized by IR. Epoxy resins (EP) were modified with Si-MIFR to get the flame retardant EP, whose flammability and burning behavior were characterized by UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), dilatation, char yield, smoke density rating (SDR) and maximum smoke density (MSD). The epoxy resins were obtained for the UL 94 V-0 rating at low Si contents of 3.0 % get a LOI of 27.5% and char yield of 23.8%. Dilatation, SDR and MSD of EP/Si-MIFR decreased. The degradation behavior of the EP/Si-MIFR was studied by TG and EDX analysis. The experimental results exhibited that the initial decomposition temperature (IDT) was decreased, integral procedure decomposition temperature (IPDT) and amounts of Si and P at the residue were increased.

Coal Ash as Flame Retardants for Flexible Poly (Vinyl Chloride)

2014 ◽  
Vol 1056 ◽  
pp. 62-65
Author(s):  
Xue Jun Ren ◽  
Chun Guang Song ◽  
Ming Gao
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Coal Ash ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Flame Retardance ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Resultant Data

Coal ash as flame retardant was used to PVC, the mechanical properties and flame retardance of the samples were studied. The resultant data show that coal ash better effect on the mechanical properties of the sample, especially tensile strength, impact strength, and 4% of coal ash obtained good flame retardance. PVC treated with flame-retardants showed a high limiting oxygen index, high decomposition temperature, which indicated that the flame retardance of the treated PVC was improved.

Thermal Degradation of Epoxy Resins Containing Copper Compounds

2013 ◽  
Vol 705 ◽  
pp. 101-105
Author(s):  
Qiu Ju Dai ◽  
Ming Gao
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Char Yield ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Smoke Density ◽  
Integral Procedure ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants

A novel cheap macromolecular intumescent flame retardants (Cu-MIFR), was synthesized, and its structure was a caged bicyclic macromolecule containing phosphorus-copper characterized by IR. Epoxy resins (EP) were modified with Cu-MIFR to get the flame retardant EP, whose flammability and burning behavior were characterized by UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), dilatation, char yield, smoke density rating (SDR) and maximum smoke density (MSD). The epoxy resins were obtained for the UL 94 V-0 rating at low Cu contents of 3.0 % get a LOI of 27.0% and char yield of 19.4%. Dilatation, SDR and MSD of EP/Cu-MIFR decreased. The degradation behavior of the EP/Cu-MIFR was studied by TG and EDX analysis. The experimental results exhibited that the initial decomposition temperature (IDT) was decreased, integral procedure decomposition temperature (IPDT) and amounts of Cu and P at the residue were increased.

Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy of Polypropylene with Phosphorus, Nitrogen and Silicon-Containing Compounds

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 697-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Li ◽  
Pingkai Jiang ◽  
Zhanpai Su ◽  
Ping Wei
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Char Yield ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Thermal Stabilities ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Degradation Temperature ◽  
Integral Procedure

Flame retardants containing phosphorus, nitrogen and silicone elements have been synthesized. The thermal stabilities of polypropylene (PP), PSiN and PP/PSiN have been studied by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis in nitrogen, air and oxygen atmospheres. The initial decomposition temperature (IDT), maximum-rate degradation temperature (Tmax), integral procedure decomposition temperature (IPDT) and char yield at 800 °C in various atmospheres have been investigated. Although the IDT of PP was reduced by the introduction of PSiN, the Tmax, IPDT and char yield were all increased. The flame retardancy of PP/PSiN composites were evaluated by measuring their Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) values. Their thermal stabilities agreed with the results of the flame retardancy tests: the PP/PSiN-A exhibited good flame retardancy with LOI of 26.0 and its char yields at 800 °C were 27 wt.% (in nitrogen), 12 wt.% (air) and 12 wt.% (in oxygen). The activation energies of PP, PSiN and PP/PSiN composites in various atmospheres were calculated using the method of Horowitz-Metzger.

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