Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy of Polypropylene with Phosphorus, Nitrogen and Silicon-Containing Compounds

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 697-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Li ◽  
Pingkai Jiang ◽  
Zhanpai Su ◽  
Ping Wei
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Char Yield ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Thermal Stabilities ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Degradation Temperature ◽  
Integral Procedure

Flame retardants containing phosphorus, nitrogen and silicone elements have been synthesized. The thermal stabilities of polypropylene (PP), PSiN and PP/PSiN have been studied by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis in nitrogen, air and oxygen atmospheres. The initial decomposition temperature (IDT), maximum-rate degradation temperature (Tmax), integral procedure decomposition temperature (IPDT) and char yield at 800 °C in various atmospheres have been investigated. Although the IDT of PP was reduced by the introduction of PSiN, the Tmax, IPDT and char yield were all increased. The flame retardancy of PP/PSiN composites were evaluated by measuring their Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) values. Their thermal stabilities agreed with the results of the flame retardancy tests: the PP/PSiN-A exhibited good flame retardancy with LOI of 26.0 and its char yields at 800 °C were 27 wt.% (in nitrogen), 12 wt.% (air) and 12 wt.% (in oxygen). The activation energies of PP, PSiN and PP/PSiN composites in various atmospheres were calculated using the method of Horowitz-Metzger.

Epoxy Resins Treated with Magnesium-Containing Compounds in Material Engineering

2013 ◽  
Vol 648 ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Chun Feng Sun ◽  
Ming Gao
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Char Yield ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Smoke Density ◽  
Integral Procedure ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants

A novel cheap macromolecular intumescent flame retardants (Mg-MIFR), was synthesized, and its structure was a caged bicyclic macromolecule containing phosphorus- magnesium characterized by IR. Epoxy resins (EP) were modified with Mg-MIFR to get the flame retardant EP, whose flammability and burning behavior were characterized by UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), dilatation, char yield, smoke density rating (SDR) and maximum smoke density (MSD). The epoxy resins were obtained for the UL 94 V-0 rating at low Mg contents of 4.0% get a LOI of 27.0% and char yield of 19.8%. Dilatation, SDR and MSD of EP/Mg-MIFR decreased. The degradation behavior of the EP/Mg-MIFR was studied by TG and EDX analysis. The experimental results exhibited that the initial decomposition temperature (IDT) was decreased, integral procedure decomposition temperature (IPDT) and amounts of Mg and P at the residue were increased.

Epoxy Resins Treated with Metal-Containing Flame Retardant

2012 ◽  
Vol 466-467 ◽  
pp. 495-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Gao ◽  
Ying Juan Sun
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Char Yield ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Smoke Density ◽  
Integral Procedure ◽  
Ul 94

A novel cheap macromolecular intumescent flame retardants (Zn-MIFR), was synthesized, and its structure was a caged bicyclic macromolecule containing phosphorus-silicon characterized by IR. Epoxy resins (EP) were modified with Zn-MIFR to get the flame retardant EP, whose flammability and burning behavior were characterized by UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), dilatation, char yield, smoke density rating (SDR) and maximum smoke density (MSD). The epoxy resins were obtained for the UL 94 V-0 rating at low Zn contents of 3.0 % get a LOI of 27.5% and char yield of 20.5%. Dilatation, SDR and MSD of EP/Zn-MIFR decreased. The degradation behavior of the EP/Zn-MIFR was studied by TG and EDX analysis. The experimental results exhibited that the initial decomposition temperature (IDT) was decreased, integral procedure decomposition temperature (IPDT) and amounts of Zn and P at the residue were increased.

Thermal Behavior of Epoxy Resins Containing Manganese Compounds

2014 ◽  
Vol 983 ◽  
pp. 171-174
Author(s):  
Fa Chao Wu ◽  
Shuang Tian ◽  
Song Liu
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Char Yield ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Smoke Density ◽  
Integral Procedure ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants

A novel cheap macromolecular intumescent flame retardants (Mn-MIFR), was synthesized. Epoxy resins (EP) were modified with Mn-MIFR to get the flame retardant EP, whose flammability and burning behavior were characterized by UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), dilatation, char yield, smoke density rating (SDR) and maximum smoke density (MSD). The epoxy resins were obtained for the UL 94 V-0 rating at low Mn contents of 4.0 % get a LOI of 26.5% and char yield of 18.2%. Dilatation, SDR and MSD of EP/Mn-MIFR decreased. The degradation behavior of the EP/Mn-MIFR was studied by TG and EDX analysis. The experimental results exhibited that the initial decomposition temperature (IDT) was decreased, integral procedure decomposition temperature (IPDT) and amounts of Mn and P at the residue were increased.

Thermal Degradation of Epoxy Resins Containing Aluminum Compounds

2013 ◽  
Vol 423-426 ◽  
pp. 574-577
Author(s):  
Yong Li Yang
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Char Yield ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Smoke Density ◽  
Aluminum Compounds ◽  
Integral Procedure ◽  
Ul 94

A novel cheap macromolecular intumescent flame retardants (Al-MIFR), was synthesized, and its structure was a caged bicyclic macromolecule containing phosphorus-aluminum characterized by IR. Epoxy resins (EP) were modified with Al-MIFR to get the flame retardant EP, whose flammability and burning behavior were characterized by UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), dilatation, char yield, smoke density rating (SDR) and maximum smoke density (MSD). The epoxy resins were obtained for the UL 94 V-0 rating at low Al contents of 4.0 % get a LOI of 26.8% and char yield of 19.5%. Dilatation, SDR and MSD of EP/Al-MIFR decreased. The degradation behavior of the EP/Al-MIFR was studied by TG and EDX analysis. The experimental results exhibited that the initial decomposition temperature (IDT) was decreased, integral procedure decomposition temperature (IPDT) and amounts of Al and P at the residue were increased.

Epoxy Resins Treated with Novel Silicon-Containing Flame Retardant

2012 ◽  
Vol 560-561 ◽  
pp. 563-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Gao ◽  
Ying Juan Sun
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Char Yield ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Smoke Density ◽  
Integral Procedure ◽  
Ul 94

A novel cheap macromolecular intumescent flame retardants (Si-MIFR), was synthesized, and its structure was a caged bicyclic macromolecule containing phosphorus-silicon characterized by IR. Epoxy resins (EP) were modified with Si-MIFR to get the flame retardant EP, whose flammability and burning behavior were characterized by UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), dilatation, char yield, smoke density rating (SDR) and maximum smoke density (MSD). The epoxy resins were obtained for the UL 94 V-0 rating at low Si contents of 3.0 % get a LOI of 27.5% and char yield of 23.8%. Dilatation, SDR and MSD of EP/Si-MIFR decreased. The degradation behavior of the EP/Si-MIFR was studied by TG and EDX analysis. The experimental results exhibited that the initial decomposition temperature (IDT) was decreased, integral procedure decomposition temperature (IPDT) and amounts of Si and P at the residue were increased.

Thermal Degradation of Epoxy Resins Containing Copper Compounds

2013 ◽  
Vol 705 ◽  
pp. 101-105
Author(s):  
Qiu Ju Dai ◽  
Ming Gao
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Char Yield ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Smoke Density ◽  
Integral Procedure ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants

A novel cheap macromolecular intumescent flame retardants (Cu-MIFR), was synthesized, and its structure was a caged bicyclic macromolecule containing phosphorus-copper characterized by IR. Epoxy resins (EP) were modified with Cu-MIFR to get the flame retardant EP, whose flammability and burning behavior were characterized by UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), dilatation, char yield, smoke density rating (SDR) and maximum smoke density (MSD). The epoxy resins were obtained for the UL 94 V-0 rating at low Cu contents of 3.0 % get a LOI of 27.0% and char yield of 19.4%. Dilatation, SDR and MSD of EP/Cu-MIFR decreased. The degradation behavior of the EP/Cu-MIFR was studied by TG and EDX analysis. The experimental results exhibited that the initial decomposition temperature (IDT) was decreased, integral procedure decomposition temperature (IPDT) and amounts of Cu and P at the residue were increased.

The Flammability of Polyacrylonitrile and Its Copolymers I. The Flammability Assessment Using Pressed Powdered Polymer Samples

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 442-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Michael E. Hall ◽  
A. Richard Horrocks
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Char Residue ◽  
Acrylic Polymer ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Convenient Means ◽  
Burning Rates ◽  
Polymer Flammability

This paper is the first in a series of four which investigates the burning behaviour and the influence of flame retardant species on the flam mability of fibre-forming polymer and copolymers of acrylonitrile. A pressed powdered polymer sheet technique is described that enables a range of polymer compositions in the presence and absence of flame retardants to be assessed for limiting oxygen index, burning rate and char residue deter minations. The method offers a rapid, reproducible and convenient means of screening possible flame retardant systems, and LOI values compare favourably with those of films and fabrics comprising the same polymeric type. Burning rates, however, are sensitive to changes in physical sample character such as form (film vs. powder sheet) and density. Thus the technique forms an excellent basis for the generation of burning data which will enable comprehensive studies of acrylic polymer flammability and flame retardancy to be undertaken.

The effects of N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol on the flame retardancy and physical–mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foams

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 535-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daikun Jia ◽  
Yi Tong ◽  
Jin Hu
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Upper Limit

Flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foams incorporating N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol have been prepared. After adding N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol, the density and compressive strength of the polyurethane foams were seen to decrease. The flame retardancy of the polyurethane foams has been characterized by limiting oxygen index, upper limit–94, and cone calorimeter tests. The polyurethane foam with 2.27 wt% N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol gave a highest limiting oxygen index of 33.4%, and the peak heat release rate of polyurethane foam reduced to 19.5 kW/m2 from 47.6 kW/m2 of PU-0 without N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol. Upper limit–94 revealed N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol did not change the burning rating, and all polyurethane foams had passed V-0 rating. The thermal stability of polyurethane foams has been investigated by thermogravimetric analyzer. N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol significantly increased the initial decomposition temperature of polyurethane foams and their residues. In addition, the morphology of residual char from the flame-retarded polyurethane foams after cone calorimeter tests has also been characterized by digital photographs. The results indicated that N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol significantly enhanced the strength and compatibility of the char layer formed by the polyurethane foams. These results indicate that N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol can improve both the quality and quantity of the char, which has a significant effect on the flame-retardant properties of the foam.

scholarly journals Flame Retardancy Properties and Physicochemical Characteristics of Polyurea-Based Coatings Containing Flame Retardants Based on Aluminum Hydroxide, Resorcinol Bis(Diphenyl Phosphate), and Tris Chloropropyl Phosphate

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5168
Author(s):  
Wojciech Dukarski ◽  
Piotr Krzyżanowski ◽  
Marcin Gonsior ◽  
Iwona Rykowska
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Aluminum Hydroxide ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Diphenyl Phosphate ◽  
Further Development

Polyurea is a synthetic material made by the reaction of isocyanate and polymer blend-containing amines. Due to its outstanding mechanical properties and fast curing, polyurea-based coatings have found dozens of applications, including waterproofing and anti-corrosion coatings. Further development of this material can create a flame-retardant product, a good alternative for common products available on the market, such as intumescent coatings. To improve the flame retardancy of polyurea, several flame retardants were investigated. The influence of aluminum hydroxide, resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP), and tris chloropropyl phosphate (TCPP) on flame retardancy and morphology was studied. The following methods were used: infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index, and tensile strength. The examinations mentioned above showed the improvement of flame-retardancy of polyurea for two products: chlorinated organophosphate and organophosphate. Nevertheless, using the chlorinated organophosphate additive caused a rapid deterioration of mechanical properties.

Coal Ash as Flame Retardants for Flexible Poly (Vinyl Chloride)

2014 ◽  
Vol 1056 ◽  
pp. 62-65
Author(s):  
Xue Jun Ren ◽  
Chun Guang Song ◽  
Ming Gao
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Coal Ash ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Flame Retardance ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Resultant Data

Coal ash as flame retardant was used to PVC, the mechanical properties and flame retardance of the samples were studied. The resultant data show that coal ash better effect on the mechanical properties of the sample, especially tensile strength, impact strength, and 4% of coal ash obtained good flame retardance. PVC treated with flame-retardants showed a high limiting oxygen index, high decomposition temperature, which indicated that the flame retardance of the treated PVC was improved.

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