The effect of switchable ionic liquid (SIL) treatment on the composition and crystallinity of birch chips (Betula pendula) using a novel alkanol amine-organic superbase-derived SIL

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikenna Anugwom ◽  
Valeri Eta ◽  
Päivi Mäki-Arvela ◽  
Pasi Virtanen ◽  
Manu Lahtinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Amorphous Material ◽  
Birch Wood ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Recovered Material ◽  
Alkanol Amine ◽  
Xylan Content

AbstractTwo-step treatment of birch chips (Betula pendula) was tested using diethanolamine (DEA)-1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene (DBU)-CO2-switchable ionic liquid (SIL), resulting in a 23% weight reduction in 24 h. The weight of the chips was reduced to 32% of their initial weight upon the second treatment with fresh SIL. SIL to wood ratio of 5:1, at 100°C for 24 h, without stirring, was applied in both steps. The relative amount of wood lignin reduced from 24% to 14% after two treatment cycles. The relative amount of cellulose of the undissolved fraction after SIL treatment increased from 43% (native birch wood) to 68% after the second cycle. Also, the undissolved material was efficiently fibrillated. The dissolved materials recovered from spent SIL, after treatment, contained high xylan content, about 90% of the total hemicelluloses, which was 85% of the recovered material. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed that the crystallinity of the undissolved material increased slightly, indicating dissolution of the amorphous material. Moreover, transformation of cellulose form I to form II in the remaining undissolved chips was not observed.

STRUCTURAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THIN LAYERS OF BINARY Ni–Fe ALLOYS ELECTRODEPOSITED BY TWO DIFFERENT BATHS: ACID AND IONIC LIQUID

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (08) ◽  
pp. 1950025
Author(s):  
RAFIK MAIZI ◽  
ATHMANE MEDDOUR ◽  
CÉLINE ROUSSE
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Nickel Content ◽  
Deposition Potential ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Different Shapes ◽  
Fe Alloys ◽  
Irregular Behavior

The deposition of Ni–Fe thin layers in boric acid and ionic liquid ([BuMePyr][Tf2N]) baths were successfully prepared. The obtained materials have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and SEM. Meanwhile, these materials were carried out by chronoamperometry or chronopotentiometry by varying the intensity of the current and the deposition potential. The results indicate that the coatings of Ni–Fe alloys were successfully obtained by electroplating on the copper substrates, and the alloys composition shows irregular behavior with polarization. The nickel content in the samples is in the range of 55–90%, but the iron content ranges from 10–30%, when potential deposits were varied from [Formula: see text]2[Formula: see text]V to [Formula: see text]4[Formula: see text]V vs Ni electrode. The results also showed that the thin layers are monophased; they contain the Ni3Fe phase. Further, SEM images of Ni–Fe alloys show the different shapes of particles.

Improved Enzymatic Depolymerization of Chitosan by Ionic Liquid Pretreatment and the Effect of Oligo-Chitosan on Intestinal Flora In Vitro

2011 ◽  
Vol 391-392 ◽  
pp. 1319-1323
Author(s):  
Cui Zheng ◽  
Lin Li ◽  
Hao Pang ◽  
Zhao Mei Wang ◽  
Na Li
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Molecular Hydrogen ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Enzymatic Depolymerization

It still remains challenging for effective hydrolysis of chitosan into chitosan oligomers. In this work, a pretreatment was conducted on chitosan by an ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl), aiming at improving enzymatic depolymerization of chitosan. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen bonds within chitosan molecules were broken by [C4mim]Cl and the crystalline was destroyed. The oligo-chitosan hydrolyzed from IL-pretreated chitosan, coded as COS-IL, showed a DP of 3~5, in contrast to DP 5~8 with oligo-chitosan obtained from untreated chitosan(coded as COS-UN). COS-IL was more effective than COS-UN in inhibiting intestinal spoilage bacterials growth and it has positive effect on the growth of intestinal probiotic bacterials.

Synthesis of Nickel Hydroxide with Different Morphologies Using an Ionic Liquid

2010 ◽  
Vol 663-665 ◽  
pp. 1163-1166
Author(s):  
Cun Ying Xu ◽  
Yi Xin Hua
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Reaction Media ◽  
Solvothermal Conditions ◽  
Facile Route ◽  
Scanning Electron

A new and facile route has been developed to synthesize β-Ni(OH)2 nanostructures using ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim]BF4) as reaction media under solvothermal conditions. The β-Ni(OH)2 with different morphologies, such as nanoflakes, nanoplatelet and nanorods, can be obtained by controlling the volume ratio of the ionic liquid to water and reaction temperature. The as-prepared products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystal Structure of Several Novel Acidic Ionic Liquids: 1-ethyl-2-alkyl-benzimidazolium Tetra-Fluoroborate

2013 ◽  
Vol 457-458 ◽  
pp. 139-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Tian Wang ◽  
Chang Ping Pan ◽  
Wei Peng Gai ◽  
Xiao Xia Lv ◽  
Min Gang Zhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Lamellar Structure ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Acidic Ionic Liquid ◽  
Acidic Ionic Liquids ◽  
Good Catalytic Activity

A series of novel acidic ionic liquid: 1-ethyl-2-alkyl-benzimidazolium tetra-fluoroborate (alkyl= Et, Pr-n, Bu-n) were prepared by simple acid-based neutralization of 1-ethyl-2-alkyl-benzimidazole and tetrafluoroboric acid. The compounds were characterized by FTIR spectra, elemental analysis,1HNMR spectra and thermogravimetric analysis. These novel tetra-fluoroborate salts show good catalytic activity to esterification of benzyl alcohol and acetic acid. Furthermore, a crystal of ([H-ebBiBF4) was prepared with the crystal structure and determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The molecular is of lamellar structure as mainly π electron ring is stacked interleaving between two layers. The results of cation and anion arranged orderly in pair indicate that the coulombic attraction is more dominant. Simultaneously, the weak local hydrogen bonds C-H···F exist in the molecules.

scholarly journals Preparation of Reswellable Amorphous Porous Celluloses through Hydrogelation from Ionic Liquid Solutions

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Idenoue ◽  
Yoshitaka Oga ◽  
Daichi Hashimoto ◽  
Kazuya Yamamoto ◽  
Jun-ichi Kadokawa
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Amorphous Structure ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Liquid Solutions ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽  
Porous Morphology ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this study, we have performed the preparation of reswellable amorphous porous celluloses through regeneration from hydrogels. The cellulose hydrogels were first prepared from solutions with an ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl), in different concentrations. Lyophilization of the hydrogels efficiently produced the regenerated celluloses. The powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic measurements of the products suggest an amorphous structure and porous morphology, respectively. Furthermore, the pore sizes of the regenerated celluloses, or in turn, the network sizes of cellulose chains in the hydrogels, were dependent on the concentrations of the initially prepared solutions with BMIMCl, which also affected the tensile mechanical properties. It was suggested that the dissolution states of the cellulose chains in the solutions were different, in accordance with the concentrations, which representatively dominated the pore and network sizes of the above materials. When the porous celluloses were immersed in water, reswelling was observed to regenerate the hydrogels.

Determination of Amorphous Material in Peat Ash by X-ray Diffraction

2005 ◽  
pp. 217-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minna S. Tiainen ◽  
Juha S. Ryynänen ◽  
Juha T. Rantala ◽  
H. Tapio Patrikainen ◽  
Risto S. Laitinen
Keyword(s):  
Amorphous Material ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

Facile synthesis of water-soluble graphene-based composite: Non-covalently functionalized with chitosan-ionic liquid conjugation

2016 ◽  
Vol 09 (03) ◽  
pp. 1650045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-Ying Li ◽  
Kai-Yu Cheng ◽  
Xiu-Cheng Zheng ◽  
Pu Liu ◽  
Xiu-Juan Xu
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Facile Synthesis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Text Interaction

Chitosan-ionic liquid conjugation (CILC), which was prepared through the reaction of 1-(4-bromobutyl)-3-methylimidazolium bromide (BBMIB) with chitosan, was firstly used to prepare functionalized graphene composite via the chemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO). The obtained water soluble graphene-based composite was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy and so on. CILC-RGO showed excellent dispersion stability in water at the concentration of 2.0 mg/mL, which was stable for several months without any precipitate. This may be ascribed to the electrostatic attraction and [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] interaction between CILC and graphene.

Extended X-ray absorption fine-structure analysis of vacuum-deposited amorphous germanium

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Johnson ◽  
D. E. Brodie ◽  
E. D. Crozier
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Amorphous Materials ◽  
Amorphous Material ◽  
Amorphous Structure ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Edge Structure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Low Energy Electrons

In this study, thin films of germanium have been vacuum deposited in four regimes. Care was taken to prepare reproducible films, which required that the partial pressure of water be below 10−8 Torr during deposition (1 Torr = 133.3 Pa). First, films deposited onto substrates held during deposition at a temperature Ts that is below 473 K are amorphous. Once annealed above 423 K, their electrical conductivity and optical band gap are independent of deposition temperature and rate, and of whether or not low-energy electron irradiation of the substrate is used during deposition. This suggests that a well-defined and reproducible structure is being prepared. Second, a "precrystallization regime" is obtained when Ts is between 473 and 513 K. Extended X-ray adsorption fine-structure and X-ray diffraction confirm that this regime is a two-phase mixture of amorphous material and crystallites. Third, films deposited with Ts near 513 K, while using low-energy electrons to bombard the substrate, are amorphous, but these films have different electrical and optical properties from the films m the first regime. From this, we infer that a second well-defined amorphous structure exists. Fourth, films deposited with Ts above 513 K are polycrystalline. Extended X-ray adsorption fine-structure and X-ray adsorption near-edge structure could not distinguish between the two amorphous materials in the first and third regimes.

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