Felix Selgert, Baden and the Modern State. The Implementation of Administrative and Legal Reforms in the German State of Baden during the 19th Century. (Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Beihefte, Bd. 23.) Berlin/Boston, De Gruyter 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 309 (2) ◽  
pp. 513-514
Author(s):  
Frank Engehausen
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Modern State ◽  
German State ◽  
Legal Reforms ◽  
The 19Th Century

Samuel Ajayi Crowther, 1806–1891

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwatoyin Oduntan
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern State ◽  
European Colonization ◽  
History Of ◽  
Christian Missionary ◽  
The 19Th Century

The case for narrating the history of slavery and emancipation through the biography of enslaved Africans is strongly supported by the life and experiences of Samuel Ajayi Crowther. Kidnapped into slavery in 1821, recaptured and settled in Sierra Leone in 1822, he became a missionary in 1845, founder of the Niger mission in 1857, and Bishop of the Niger Mission in 1864. His life and career covered the span of the 19th century during which revolutionary forces like jihadist revolutions, the abolition of the slave trade, the rise of a new Westernized elite, and European colonization created the roots of the modern state system in West Africa. He was intricately tied to the Christian Missionary Society (CMS), Britain’s antislavery evangelical movement, resulting in Ajayi becoming the poster face of slavery, its acclaimed product of abolitionism, the preeminent advocate of evangelical emancipation, and the organizer of practical emancipation in West Africa. The leader of a very small group of Africans who worked diligently against the slave trade and domestic slavery, Ajayi also became a victim of the use of that agenda by imperialists. Thus, the contrasts of his life (i.e., slavery/freedom, nationalist/hybrid, preacher/investor, leader/weakling, linguist/literalist, etc.) were celebrated by himself, his patrons, and his evangelical followers on one hand, and denounced by his critics on the other. They underline the disagreements over his legacy, and indeed over the understanding of the institution of slavery, abolition, and emancipation in West Africa.

A PREHISTORY OF THE MODERN LEGAL PROFESSION IN EGYPT, 1840S–1870S

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Youssef Cheta
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal Profession ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
Commercial Law ◽  
Legal Representation ◽  
Legal Reforms ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractThis article examines the emergence of a new corps of legal practitioners in Egypt during the 1860s and early 1870s. The proceedings of hundreds of merchant court cases in mid-19th-century Cairo are replete with references to deputies and agents (wukalā; sing.wakīl) who represented merchant-litigants in a wide range of commercial disputes. Examining how these historical actors understood Egyptian, Ottoman, and French laws, and how they strategically deployed their knowledge in the merchant courts, this article revises the commonly accepted historical account of the founding of the legal profession in Egypt. Specifically, it argues that norms of legal practice hitherto linked to the establishment of the Mixed Courts in 1876 were already being formed and refined within the realm of commercial law as part of a more comprehensive program of legal reforms underway during the middle decades of the 19th century. In uncovering this genealogy of practice, the article reevaluates the extent to which the khedival state shared a legal culture with the Ottoman center, and, simultaneously, created the space for a new form of legal representation that became ubiquitous under British, and, subsequently, postcolonial rule.

scholarly journals Sclavinia – Intermarium? Or About One Missing Roman Province

Politeja ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (6(57)) ◽  
pp. 65-80
Author(s):  
Martin Homza
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
German State ◽  
Roman Province ◽  
The 19Th Century

If someone had sighed at the beginning of the 19th century that a unified German state would be formed in some time and Italy would able to unite itself, that one would certainly concerned to be a fool. Yet these ideas were realized in full around the year 1870. Few, however, realized that the 19th century by the accomplishing those political goals Europe came to a state that reminds the dearest dreams of the ideologists of the year 1000, who put forward a concept of European political arrangement built as an imaginary Tetrarchy consisting of 4 equal provinces Galia, Germania, Roma and Sclavinia. As it is clear, Sclavinia of these provinces, is still missing. The presented article attempts to give an overview of the implementation of the „Sclavinia project” with the assignment of its other names, such as Intermarium, throughout history. Martin Homza demonstrates this on mutual Slovak‑Polish relations, which considers the basic axis of this possible construction. Methodologically, these relations divids into 4 subcategories according to the strength and weakness of their bearers: Relation: Strong: Strong; Weak: weak; Weak: Strong and Strong: Weak.

scholarly journals The Galápagos as penal colony: Exile, peonage, and state control at the Hacienda El Progreso, 1878–1904

2021 ◽  
pp. 146247452110131
Author(s):  
Fernando J Astudillo ◽  
Ross W Jamieson
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Modern State ◽  
State Control ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Penal Colony ◽  
Penal Colonies ◽  
Penal Institutions ◽  
Remote Islands ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

Transportation to remote islands has been a way that authorities have dealt with criminals since well before the birth of the modern state. What happens to those exiles once on the islands has varied greatly in different times and places. This paper explores the Galápagos plantation run from 1878 to 1904 by Manuel J. Cobos. His operation demonstrates that the patriarchal concept of the hacienda continued to play a key role in the disciplining of perceived criminality in Latin America in the late 19th century, outside of the roles of the military, the police, and penal institutions. The Galápagos example shows the overlaps and tensions between capitalist plantations and state penal colonies in their treatment of transported convicts in the 19th century.

scholarly journals A Step Towards Equality? The Admission of Women to Guardianship in the Austrian Civil Law in 1914

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2/2020) ◽  
pp. 141-170
Author(s):  
Sarah Stutzenstein
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Women's Movement ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Legal Reforms ◽  
Minor Children ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch

According to the Austrian Civil Code (Allgemeines Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch = ABGB) from 1811, there were almost no possibilities for a woman to obtain guardianship of a child. Instead, the married father possessed paternal authority (patria potestas), which included the sole guardianship of his legitimate children. If the father was unable to exercise paternal authority, the courts had to appoint a guardian for his minor children. Based on the assumption that the female gender lacked the necessary abilities, women were generally excluded from guardianship. Only at the end of the 19th century did the women’s movement start to mobilize against the frequent exclusion of women from the guardianship of their own children. Moreover, the drastic neglection of the young made legal reforms ever more urgent. The legal possibilities open to women for taking over guardianship of a minor were first extended with the legislative amendment to the ABGB in 1914 (1. Teilnovelle 1914). This paper will focus on the causes for the extension of legal possibilities of women concerning guardianship due to the first legislative amendment.

scholarly journals Idea niepodległości w powojennej Polsce

2019 ◽  
pp. 25-38
Author(s):  
Tomasz Gąsowski
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Modern State ◽  
World War ◽  
Soviet Invasion ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World ◽  
Independent Existence

The Polish idea of independence was formed in the first half of the 19th century. It al-lowed the Poles to durably survive the time of the partitions and was short-lived in the autumn of 1918. The Poles then started with enthusiasm to build from scratch a modern state, the Poland Reborn. This idea motivated them to fight against the German and Soviet invasion in 1939 and continued resistance during the Second World War. In time the com-munist slavery after 1945, it survived in the collective memory of the Poles and was passed on to future generations. It was an important inspiration for some of the opposition circles operating in Poland since 1976. She prepared the ground for receiving the papal message to the Poles during his first pilgrimage to the Fatherland. It contained a call to responsible freedom, including also the right of the nation independent existence. His fulfillment took place equally ten years, in 1989, thanks to the Solidarity movement.

scholarly journals Das Augenblickchen und das Stückelchen.

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 7-33
Author(s):  
Marina Frank
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Language Change ◽  
The State ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
German State ◽  
Morphological Variant ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
General Concern

This study deals with the diminutive suffixes -chen and -elchen in the Moselfranconian base dialects on both sides of the Luxo-German state border. It covers the entirety of the state of Luxembourg as well as the Moselfranconian dialects of German within the area of investigation of the Linguistic Atlas of the Central Rhine (MRhSA). The study examines the Wenker questionnaires from the end of the 19th century that were collected by Georg Wenker and John Meier as well as a second and third series of data in the form of Wenker questionnaires that were collected in the 1920s by Richard Huss and data from the MRhSA collected in the 1980s. Building on Edelhoff (2016), who analyses the development of diminutive plurals and plural diminutives in German and Luxemburgish dialects, and Edelhoff (2017a, 2017b) this study provides a closer look on the forms of the diminutive suffix in the singular, particularly of the two lexemes Augenblickchen ,moment.dim’ and Stückchen ,piece.dim’. It is not only a matter of general concern to show the spatial distribution of the suffix forms ‑chen and ‑elchen in the base dialects, but it attempts to shed some light on language-dynamic processes taking place. Specifically, this involves taking a closer look at the following questions: 1) Can language change in the direction of the prestige variety of Central Luxemburgish on the Luxemburgish and in the direction of Standard German on the German side of the state border be shown, in the sense of the Language Dynamics Approach (Schmidt/Herrgen 2011)? 2) Can Edelhoff’s (2016) constatation that the state border has become a dialect border with regard to the use of the diminutive plural suffix also be demonstrated for the diminutive singular suffix variants ‑chen and ‑elchen? 3) Is there geolinguistic evidence for the thesis that the morphological variant ‑elchen is a fusion of the suffixes -lein and -chen? This article provides a preliminary answer to these questions and sketches some lines of inquiry for future research.

Grammatical Descriptions in Manchu Grammar Books from the Qing Dynasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Takashi Takekoshi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.

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