Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Gum Extraction from Wild Sage Seed

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fakhreddin Salehi ◽  
Mahdi Kashaninejad

Abstract Wild sage seed (Salvia macrosiphon) has practical amounts of gum with good functional properties. In this work, extraction of gum from wild sage seed was studied. Effect of pH, temperature and water/seed ratio on the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters and entropy, enthalpy and free energy of extraction were investigated. The maximum gum yield was 12.5% at 55°C for pH=7 and water/seed ratio 40:1. In this study, the experimental data were fitted to a mathematical model of mass transport and constants were obtained. The kinetic of wild sage seed gum extraction was found to be a first-order mass transfer model. Statistical results indicated that the model used in this study will be able to predict the gum extraction from wild sage seed. It is also found that ΔH and ΔS were positive and ΔG was negative indicating that the extraction process was spontaneous, irreversible and endothermic. The ΔH, ΔS and ΔG values were 0.52–14.99 kJ/mol, 6.3–52.2 J/mol K and 0.14–2.44 kJ/mol, respectively.

REAKTOR ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Susiana Prasetyo ◽  
Felicia Yosephine

Indonesia merupakan salah satu penghasil teh terbesar di dunia. Menurut data dari Deptan 2010, dengan luas lahan sebesar 127712 ha, Indonesia dapat menghasilkan produktivitas teh sebesar 153971 ton/tahun. Namun sayangnya, selama ini pemanfaatan tanaman teh di Indonesia masih terbatas pada pucuk daunnya saja. Bagian tanaman teh yang memiliki kandungan potensial namun belum dimanfaatkan adalah  biji teh, mengandung 26% saponin, 20-60% minyak dan 11% protein. Saponin merupakan salah satu komponen bioaktif yang telah dimanfaatkan sebagai insektisida pembasmi hama pada tambak udang, bahan baku industri deterjen, shampoo, minuman bir, pembentuk busa pada pemadam kebakaran, dan dapat dimanfaatkan pula sebagai pupuk organik. Pada penelitian ini, saponin biji teh diperoleh melalui ekstraksi biji teh pasca pengepresan menggunakan pelarut IPA 50% secara batch di dalam sebuah ekstraktor berkapasitas 2 L. Pengontakan solvent dengan biji teh dilakukan secara dispersi. Pada penelitian ini, rasio massa pelarut terhadap massa umpan diset 20:1; temperatur divariasikan 25-60 oC, kecepatan pengadukan 100-400 rpm, serta ukuran biji teh divariasikan -40+50 mesh s.d -100+200 mesh. Ekstraksi dilakukan hingga tercapai kesetimbangan. Ekstrak yang diperoleh dipekatkan menggunakan rotavapor vakum pada temperatur di bawah 40oC. Ekstrak pekat saponin kasar yang didapat dimurnikan dengan penambahan eter, etanol dan petroleum eter secara bertahap sehingga diperoleh endapan saponin murni yang kemudian dikeringkan menggunakan tray drier pada temperatur 40oC. Pada penelitian ini, model perpindahan massa sederhana dikembangkan untuk menggambarkan proses ekstraksi padat-cair saponin biji teh. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dimensi diperoleh hubungan antara koefisien perpindahan massa volumetrik (kLa) pada lapisan antar fasa padat-cair dengan variabel-variabel ekstraksi yang dinyatakan dalam persamaan bilangan tak berdimensi dengan ralat rata-rata 3,7904 %.DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS FOR MASS TRANSFER MODEL FOR SAPONIN FROM TEA SEEDS USING 50% ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL SOLVENT IN A DISPERSION SYSTEM. Indonesia is one of the biggest tea producers in the world. According to the Deptan 2010, about 127712 hectares plantation land area produced 153971 tons of tea. Nevertheless, the utilization of tea is still restricted on the tea young sprouts. The tea seed itself which is very potential due to its bioactive ingredients has not been utilized yet. The seed contains 26% saponin, 20-60% oil, and 11% protein. Saponin is one of the bioactive components which has been used as an insecticide to kill pests on shrimps in the fishing industry, or additives for detergent industry, shampoo, beer drinks, foam on the fire department, and it can also be used as an organic fertilizer. In this research, tea seed saponin was obtained from the extraction of tea seed which was previously mechanically pressed using IPA 50% as the solvent in a 2 L batch extractor. The contact between solvent and the seed tea occurred via dispersion mechanism. The fixed variable during the extractions was mass solvent to mass feed ratios (20:1), while the studied variables were temperatures (25-60oC), stirring speeds (100-400 rpm), and the sizes of the seeds (-40+50 mesh to -100+200 mesh). Extraction was carried out until equilibrium was reached. Extract was concentrated by vacuum evaporation at temperatures below 40oC. Concentrated saponin was purified by sequential addition of ether; ethanol and petroleum ether in order to obtain pure saponin precipitated which is then dried using a tray drier at a temperature of 40oC. In this study, a simple mass transfer model was developed in order to describe the solid-liquid extraction process of tea seed saponin. Based on the results of the dimensional analysis, the relationships between the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) at the interphase of solid-liquid surface and extraction variables can be expressed by the following equation with the average error is 3.7904%.


2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silmara Bispo dos Santos ◽  
Marcio Arêdes Martins ◽  
Ana Lívia Caneschi ◽  
Paulo Rafael Morette Aguilar ◽  
Jane Sélia dos Reis Coimbra

In the study the yield and kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the oil extraction process fromJatropha curcasL. using ethanol as a solvent were evaluated for different temperatures, moisture contents of the solid phase, and particle sizes. The extraction process yield increased with contact time of solid particles with the solvent until reaching equilibrium (saturation of the solvent), for all the temperatures, moisture contents, and average particle sizes. These parameters significantly influenced (95% confidence) the extracted oil yield. A convective mass transfer model was used to simulate the extraction process and estimate the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. For all conditions evaluated, values of oil yield in the liquid phase close to equilibrium were obtained in approximately 20 min. The variations of enthalpy and entropy were positive, indicating that the process is endothermic and irreversible. Values obtained for the variation in Gibbs free energy showed that the extraction process using ethanol as a solvent is spontaneous and thermodynamically favorable for the moisture content of 0%, where the smaller the average particle size the greater the spontaneity of the process.


Author(s):  
Guodong Wang ◽  
Zhe Wang

The AP1000 containment model has been developed by using WGOTHIC version 4.2 code. Condensation heat and mass transfer from the volumes to the containment shell, conduction through the shell, and evaporation from the shell to the riser were all calculated by using the special CLIMEs model. In this paper, the latest GOTHIC version 8.0 code is used to model both condensation and evaporation heat and mass transfer process. An improved heat and mass transfer model, the diffusion layer model (DLM), is adopted to model the condensation on the inside wall of containment. The Film heat transfer coefficient option is used to model the evaporation on the outside wall of containment. As a preliminary code consolidation effort, it is possible to use GOTHIC 8.0 code as a tool to analysis the AP1000 containment response.


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