Eine kritische Bemerkung zur Frage der Lohnquotenbereinigung / A Critical Remark on Correcting Wage Income Shares

The paper examines tax progressivity and income inequality using Census Bureau Current Population Survey (CPS) personal income data. The Kakwani index is used to derive tax progressivity for All, Male, Female, White and African American personal wage income of CPS respondents, respectively. The tax progressivity results show a tax system that is partly progressive and mostly regressive. Due to its regressive nature, the tax system did not display tax progressivity for the entire period under analysis for personal wage income respondents as well as when broken-down by race and gender in the United States for years 1996 to 2011.

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Time Allocation between Paid and Unpaid Work among Men and Women: An Empirical Study of Indian Villages

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13052671 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 2671

Author(s):

A. Amarender Reddy ◽

Surabhi Mittal ◽

Namrata Singha Roy ◽

Sanghamitra Kanjilal-Bhaduri

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Time Allocation ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Policy Recommendations ◽

Men And Women ◽

Wage Rates ◽

Women's Participation ◽

Wage Earning ◽

Ownership Of Land ◽

Wage Income

The paper examines the time allocation between paid work (wage earning or self-employed work generally termed as employment work) and unpaid (domestic chores/care work generally termed as non-employment work) along with wage rates, imputed earnings, and occupational structure among men and women and according to different social groups to establish the extent to which the rural labour market is discriminated by sex and social group. The major objective of the paper is to show the differential in wage income between men and women in farm and non-farm activities. The paper also shows the division of time between employment and non-employment activities by men and women. The paper uses high-frequency data and applies econometric techniques to know the factors behind time allocation among different activities across gender. The study finds that males spend more hours on employment work and work at a higher wage rate than females. As a result, a vast monetary income gap between men and women is observed, even though women worked more hours if employment and non-employment activities are jointly taken into consideration. Time spent on employment work and non-employment (mainly domestic chores) has been found to vary significantly due to social identity, household wealth, land, income, education, and skill. The segregation of labour market by sex was evident in this study, with men shifting to non-farm occupations with greater monetary returns and continued dependence on women’s farm activities. Enhancing the ownership of land and other assets, encouraging women’s participation particularly among minorities, and improving health are some of the policy recommendations directed from this study to enhance participation in employment work and shifting towards higher wage income employment.

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Critical Remark on the Observability of the Sign Change of Spinors under2πRotations

Physical Review ◽

10.1103/physrev.170.1185 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 170 (5) ◽

pp. 1185-1186 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

G. C. Hegerfeldt ◽

K. Kraus

Keyword(s):

Critical Remark ◽

Sign Change

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A CRITICAL REMARK ON PLANCK'S MODEL OF BLACK-BODY

International Journal of Modern Physics B ◽

10.1142/s0217979204024161 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 18 (04n05) ◽

pp. 549-553

Author(s):

ANDREA CARATI ◽

LUIGI GALGANI

Keyword(s):

Long Range ◽

Body Problem ◽

Complete System ◽

Black Body ◽

Critical Remark

We reexamine the model of matter–radiation interaction considered by Planck in his studies on the black-body problem, and point out that its consistency seems to be in doubt. The key point is that Planck's model deals in principle with a system of n material resonators interacting with the field, but in fact Planck actually deals with a single resonator, because he explicitly makes the assumption that the resonators act independently of each other, i.e. perform incoherent motions. We point out that it would be more appropriate to deal from the start with the dynamics of the complete system, and that, in view of the long range character of the electrodynamical forces, motions of a coherent or correlated type might thus be found to occur.

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Unionism and Wage-Income Ratios: 1929-51

Review of Economics and Statistics ◽

10.2307/1924878 ◽

1954 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 67 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Paul E. Sultan

Keyword(s):

Wage Income

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levels which normally oscillated between 80,000 and 100,000 per year, and which in 1975 had soared up to 118,000 workers, were sharply reduced to 40,000 thereafter [First, 1982]. This mainly affected the southern part of Mozambique by creating massive rural unemployment. The towns had no capacity to absorb this surplus labour since employment was drastically re-duced in the towns as well. The latter process was due to the fall in employ-ment in domestic work (servants) and in the tourist sector (restaurants, hotels, bars, etc.). The exodus of Portuguese settlers and the virtual standstill of tourism (which catered for South Africans and Rhodesians) had amplified the problem of structural employment in the towns. The rural unemployed could not merely fall back on family agriculture since this was heavily dependent on cash income from wage work. Oxen and ploughs, farm implements, water reserves, etc. were normally paid for with wages from mine labour or other wage work. Furthermore, due to this cash inflow from wage income, a more interactive type of division of labour developed within the rural areas of southern Mozambique. Hence, peasants without oxen and plough would rent the services of peasants who did, and pay for it out of wage income. Brick-makers, carpenters, house-builders, tailors, mechanics were to be found among the middle peasantry who relied on these activities (usually acquired through mine labour) to supplement their income from farming. In a similar fashion, local transport and petty com-merce were sidelines of middle peasants stabilised by the influx of wage income. The reduction in mine labour employment deeply affected the viability of this internal division of labour within the rural economy. Finally, the impact of the reduction in mine labour was not evenly spread among the peasantry, since only those who held valid work certificates from the recruitment agency could continue to go to the mines. Other peasants were cut off altogether. This introduced a sharp element of differentiation within the rural econonmy. Those who could continued to go to the mines not only had cash income but also a guaranteed access to commodities (including means of production), while within Mozambique shortages were rapidly turning into a goods famine. However, rural unemployment was not merely a phenomena of the south. In central Mozambique, wage work to Rhodesia dropped sharply with the closure of the border between Mozambique and Rhodesia since 1976, and as a result of the war situation which developed thereafter. As stated in above, the concentration of resources on the state sector further weakened the basis of family agriculture at a time when a considerable part of its cash income through wage labour was cut off. While the colonial situ-ation was characterised by persistent labour shortages within the rural economy and continued state intervention to keep labour cheap (through the imposition of forced labour and forced cultivation of crops as well as by fragmentation of labour markets to avoid competition for labour to drive up the wage levels), the post-independence situation became characterised by rural unemployment and an intensified flow of people from the rural areas to the towns in search of wage work. The priority accorded to investments led to the slow expansion in the supply of consumer goods and in 1981 it actually fell by eight per cent: six per cent

The Agrarian Question in Socialist Transitions ◽

10.4324/9780203043493-28 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 197-204

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Rural Economy ◽

Division Of Labour ◽

Cash Income ◽

Wage Work ◽

Family Agriculture ◽

Slow Expansion ◽

Forced Labour ◽

Rural Unemployment ◽

Wage Income

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Nucleoprotein in the Nerve Cells of Mental Patients: A Critical Remark

Journal of Mental Science ◽

10.1192/bjp.95.398.180 ◽

1949 ◽

Vol 95 (398) ◽

pp. 180-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

A. Meyer ◽

M. Meyer

Keyword(s):

Nerve Cell ◽

Absorption Spectra ◽

Mental Disease ◽

Nerve Cells ◽

The Other ◽

Critical Remark ◽

Apical Process ◽

Brain Material ◽

Schizophrenic Group ◽

Recent Monograph

Hydén and Hartelius in a recent monograph (1) described nerve cell abnormalities which they consider to be characteristic of mental disease. Their investigations were based on biopsies obtained during prefrontal leucotomy carried out in 11 psychotic patients, 10 of whom belonged to the schizophrenic group. The biopsies were investigated by means of the ultraviolet microscope and the results compared with brain material from normal patients fixed a few hours after death. Two types of abnormal nerve cells were found in the psychotic patients: one type is narrow and shrunken with corkscrew-shaped apical process and appears dark in the photographs in contrast to the other type which is swollen and appears light in the photographs. Both these cells lacked polynucleotides in their cell bodies and contained only a small amount of other protein substances, as shown by the ultraviolet absorption spectra.

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