Ich denke, also übersetze ich: die Relevanz einer bewussten Reflexion über die Verstehensprozesse beim literarischen Übersetzen mit Beispielen aus der Übersetzung des Briefromans La Tesis de Nancy (1962) von Ramón J. Sender ins Deutsche

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Helmchen
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Metaphorical Thinking ◽  
New Information ◽  
Theoretical Frame ◽  
Professional Translator

AbstractIn the present article and in a theoretical frame based in cognitive linguistics, we will justify and analyse some of the translational processes that have taken place during the translation of the novel “La Tesis de Nancy” (1962). The human being constantly perceives a multitude of impressions which operate as mental impulses and which activate parts of the long-term memory to facilitate the understanding of new information. Apart from the development of mental spaces, the metaphorical thinking plays an important role in the creation of meaning and in the understanding of reality. A professional translator has to consider that an awareness of such processes can be an inspirational source for a creative and functional translation.

scholarly journals Biased Competition during Long-term Memory Formation

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Benjamin Hutchinson ◽  
Sarah S. Pak ◽  
Nicholas B. Turk-Browne
Keyword(s):  
Prior Experience ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Complete Representation ◽  
New Information ◽  
Ventral Temporal Cortex ◽  
Spatial Locations

A key task for the brain is to determine which pieces of information are worth storing in memory. To build a more complete representation of the environment, memory systems may prioritize new information that has not already been stored. Here, we propose a mechanism that supports this preferential encoding of new information, whereby prior experience attenuates neural activity for old information that is competing for processing. We evaluated this hypothesis with fMRI by presenting a series of novel stimuli concurrently with repeated stimuli at different spatial locations in Experiment 1 and from different visual categories (i.e., faces and scenes) in Experiment 2. Subsequent memory for the novel stimuli could be predicted from the reduction in activity in ventral temporal cortex for the accompanying repeated stimuli. This relationship was eliminated in control conditions where the competition during encoding came from another novel stimulus. These findings reveal how prior experience adaptively guides learning toward new aspects of the environment.

ROLE AND USAGE OF ICT IN SCHOOL EDUCATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (36) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Madhavi
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
School Education ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
New Information ◽  
Concrete Form ◽  
Term Storage

When we are working on a computer, the information goes into short term memory. Unless we deliberately save the data onto long term storage, it is lost very quickly. The method we use to save new information that is presented to us determines that we most likely will retrieve it in the future. Similarly the concepts that are explained to the students have to be sent to their long term memory, i.e the abstract has to be made into the concrete form. This is possible by using ICT in classroom situation for making a merry in understanding the concepts if the school education and life. The usage of ICT will not only enhance learning environment but also prepare, next generation for future lives and career as said by Wheeler.

scholarly journals Conversion of short-term to long-term memory in the novel object recognition paradigm

2013 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 174-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon J. Moore ◽  
Kaivalya Deshpande ◽  
Gwen S. Stinnett ◽  
Audrey F. Seasholtz ◽  
Geoffrey G. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Novel Object Recognition ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Novel Object

The Immediacy of Conceptual Processing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Knowledge ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Conceptual Processing ◽  
Conceptual Structures ◽  
New Information ◽  
Thinking Process

Understanding requires thought, and thought requires memory, both short-term memory for the ongoing thinking process and longer-term memories that constitute one’s relevant knowledge. In a variety of studies the chapter shows that conceptual knowledge comes into play faster than standard models of long-term memory retrieval suppose and reflects a larger immediate capacity than models of short-term or working memory have suggested. It proposes a new form of memory termed conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) to account for the speed and appropriateness with which our prior knowledge shapes current perception and thought. When we identify a new stimulus, not only its concept but also other associated information in long-term memory is immediately activated, allowing new conceptual structures to be formed that relate the new information to relevant knowledge. Activated information that does not become structured is quickly forgotten and may never become conscious.

How long is long-term priming? Classification and action priming in the scale of days

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 1183-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Moutsopoulou ◽  
Christina Pfeuffer ◽  
Andrea Kiesel ◽  
Qing Yang ◽  
Florian Waszak
Keyword(s):  
Processing Time ◽  
Memory System ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
New Information ◽  
Stimulus Classification

Previous research has shown that stimulus–response associations comprise associations between the stimulus and the task (a classification task in particular) and the stimulus and the action performed as a response. These associations, contributing to the phenomenon of priming, affect behaviour after a delay of hundreds of trials and they are resistant against overwriting. Here, we investigate their longevity, testing their effects in short-term (seconds after priming) and long-term (24 hr and 1 week after priming) memory. Three experiments demonstrated that both stimulus–classification (S-C) and stimulus–action (S-A) associations show long-term memory effects. The results also show that retrieval of these associations can be modulated by the amount of engagement on the same task between encoding and retrieval, that is, how often participants performed this task between prime and probe sessions. Finally, results show that differences in processing time during encoding are linked to the amount of conflict caused during retrieval of S-C, but not S-A associations. These findings add new information to the existing model of priming as a memory system and pose questions about the interactions of priming and top-down control processes.

scholarly journals Visual Long-term Memory Can Replace Active Maintenance in Visual Working Memory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Schurgin ◽  
Corbin A. Cunningham ◽  
Howard E. Egeth ◽  
Timothy F. Brady
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Perceptual Information ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Perceptual Interference ◽  
New Information ◽  
Memory Representations

AbstractHumans have remarkable visual long-term memory abilities, capable of storing thousands of objects with significant detail. However, it remains unknown how such memory is utilized during the short-term maintenance of information. Specifically, if people have a previously encoded memory for an item, how does this affect subsequent working memory for that same item? Here, we demonstrate people can quickly and accurately make use of visual long-term memories and therefore maintain less perceptual information actively in working memory. We assessed how much perceptual information is actively maintained in working memory by measuring neural activity during the delay period of a working memory task using electroencephalography. We find that despite maintaining less perceptual information in working memory when long-term memory representations are available, there is no decrement in memory performance. This suggests under certain circumstances people can dynamically disengage working memory maintenance and instead use long-term memories when available. However, this does not mean participants always utilize long-term memory. In a follow-up experiment, we introduced additional perceptual interference into working memory and found participants actively maintained items in working memory even when they had existing long-term memories available. These results clarify the kinds of conditions under which long-term and working memory operate. Specifically, working memory is engaged when new information is encountered or perceptual interference is high. Visual long-term memory may otherwise be rapidly accessed and utilized in lieu of active perceptual maintenance. These data demonstrate the interactions between working memory and long-term memory are more dynamic and fluid than previously thought.

Looking back: Joke comprehension and the space structuring model

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seana Coulson ◽  
Thomas P Urbach ◽  
Marta Kutas
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Reading Habit ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Prior Context ◽  
Looking Back

AbstractWe describe the space structuring model, a model of language comprehension inspired by ideas in cognitive linguistics, focusing on its capacity to explain the sorts of inferences needed to understand one-line jokes. One process posited in the model is frame-shifting, the semantic and pragmatic reanalysis in which elements of the existing message-level representation are mapped into a new frame retrieved from long-term memory. To test this model, we recorded participants' eye movements with a headband-mounted eye-tracker while they read sentences that ended either as a joke, or as nonfunny controls (“She read so much about the bad effects of smoking she decided to give up the reading/habit.”) . Only jokes required frame-shifting; nonjoke endings were consistent with the contextually evoked frame. Though initial gaze durations were the same for jokes and non-jokes, total viewing duration was longer for the jokes and participants were more likely to make regressive (leftward) eye movements after reading the “punch word” of a joke. Results are consistent with the psychological reality of some process like frame-shifting, suggesting readers literally revisit aspects of the prior context while apprehending one-line jokes.

scholarly journals Visual working memory buffers information retrieved from visual long-term memory

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (20) ◽  
pp. 5306-5311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Fukuda ◽  
Geoffrey F. Woodman
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
New Information ◽  
Neurophysiological Activity ◽  
Term Storage

Human memory is thought to consist of long-term storage and short-term storage mechanisms, the latter known as working memory. Although it has long been assumed that information retrieved from long-term memory is represented in working memory, we lack neural evidence for this and need neural measures that allow us to watch this retrieval into working memory unfold with high temporal resolution. Here, we show that human electrophysiology can be used to track information as it is brought back into working memory during retrieval from long-term memory. Specifically, we found that the retrieval of information from long-term memory was limited to just a few simple objects’ worth of information at once, and elicited a pattern of neurophysiological activity similar to that observed when people encode new information into working memory. Our findings suggest that working memory is where information is buffered when being retrieved from long-term memory and reconcile current theories of memory retrieval with classic notions about the memory mechanisms involved.

scholarly journals Learning induces the translin/trax RNase complex to express activin receptors for persistent memory

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Jung Park ◽  
Robbert Havekes ◽  
Xiuping Fu ◽  
Rolf Hansen ◽  
Jennifer C Tudor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Mechanism ◽  
Β Receptor

Long-lasting forms of synaptic plasticity and memory require de novo protein synthesis. Yet, how learning triggers this process to form memory is unclear. Translin/trax is a candidate to drive this learning-induced memory mechanism by suppressing microRNA-mediated translational silencing at activated synapses. We find that mice lacking translin/trax display defects in synaptic tagging, which requires protein synthesis at activated synapses, and long-term memory. Hippocampal samples harvested from these mice following learning show increases in several disease-related microRNAs targeting the activin A receptor type 1C (ACVR1C), a component of the transforming growth factor-β receptor superfamily. Furthermore, the absence of translin/trax abolishes synaptic upregulation of ACVR1C protein after learning. Finally, synaptic tagging and long-term memory deficits in mice lacking translin/trax are mimicked by ACVR1C inhibition. Thus, we define a new memory mechanism by which learning reverses microRNA-mediated silencing of the novel plasticity protein ACVR1C via translin/trax.

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