scholarly journals Positive polarity predicates

Linguistics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Hoeksema
Keyword(s):  
Binary Classification ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Positive Polarity ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Recent Proposal ◽  
Polarity Items ◽  
Semantics And Pragmatics ◽  
Negative Quantifiers ◽  
High Degree

Abstract This paper presents Dutch and English predicates that behave as positive polarity items and provides a partial, semantically-grounded classification of this group of PPIs. The items are studied from the perspective of anti-licensing behavior (by negation, either locally or long-distance, in questions, and by weakly negative quantifiers such as little and few). Predicates, unlike quantifiers, do not have wide scope readings (which allow quantificational PPIs such as somebody to appear in the syntactic scope of negation). Using a mixture of corpus data and introspective judgments, we show that anti-licensing among PPIs is not uniform (mirroring earlier results on NPIs which likewise show considerable variation). Rescuing contexts are likewise shown to differ among PPIs. Some of the PPI predicates show complex interaction with illocutionary force (especially mandative force), and others with differences between presupposed and asserted propositions. High degree predicates, finally, point toward the existence of connections between the marking of degree and positive polarity. PPI status is argued to be the result of a complex interaction between the effects of negation and other nonveridical operators, and other semantic factors, which differ among subclasses of PPIs. Anti-licensing by weak negation correlates fairly well with anti-licensing by long-distance negation, a finding which is (partly) in line with a recent proposal by Spector (2014, Global positive polarity items and obligatory exhaustivity. Semantics and Pragmatics 7(11). 1–61) concerning global PPIs. However, we find there to be more variation among the PPIs studied here than the classification of Spector (2014) or any binary classification stipulates.

Introduction: Current perspectives on positive polarity

Linguistics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-300
Author(s):  
Mingya Liu ◽  
Gianina Iordăchioaia
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Negative Polarity ◽  
Positive Polarity ◽  
Negative Polarity Items ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Polarity Items ◽  
The Past ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Semantics And Pragmatics ◽  
Different Sources

Abstract Polarity sensitivity has been an established key topic of linguistic research for more than half a century. The study of polarity phenomena can be extremely revealing about the internal structure of a language, as they usually involve an interaction at the interface between syntax, semantics and pragmatics. In the past, most attention was paid to negative polarity items. However, recent years have witnessed a growing interest in positive polarity items. As a continuation of this trend, this issue collects four papers dedicated to positive polarity items, which enrich the empirical domain with novel observations from different languages and appeal to diverse theoretical concepts such as scalarity and presupposition in their modeling of positive polarity. The results show that positive polarity is a distributional phenomenon that has different sources and most likely cannot be modeled in a unifying way, although there may be subsets of positive polarity items that allow unifying accounts.

The interpretation of disjunction in VP ellipsis: The case of Mandarin Chinese

2021 ◽  
pp. 014272372110209
Author(s):  
Na Gao ◽  
Peng Zhou ◽  
Rosalind Thornton ◽  
Stephen Crain
Keyword(s):  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Polarity ◽  
Recent Proposal ◽  
Polarity Items ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Vp Ellipsis ◽  
Default Setting

It has long been noted that verb phrase (VP) ellipsis cancels the polarity sensitivity of the English Positive Polarity Items (PPIs). In recent work, it has been proposed that words for disjunction are governed by a parameter. On one value of the parameter, disjunction is a PPI for adult speakers of many languages including Mandarin Chinese. On the other value, disjunction is interpreted in situ. It has also been proposed that child language learners, across languages, initially interpret disjunction in situ, not as a PPI. Taken together, these proposals predict that child and adult speakers of Mandarin will assign the same interpretation to disjunction in sentences with VP ellipsis, but will assign a different interpretation in sentences without VP ellipsis. This study assessed these predictions. In sentences with a full VP, the adult participants analyzed disjunction as a PPI, but they interpreted disjunction in situ in sentences with VP ellipsis. The child participants interpreted disjunction in situ in sentences of both kinds. Together, the findings support the recent proposal that disjunction is governed by a lexical parameter, with a default setting.

Minimizers and Maximizers as Different Types of Polarity Items

2020 ◽  
pp. 406-425
Author(s):  
Susagna Tubau
Keyword(s):  
Negative Polarity ◽  
Positive Polarity ◽  
Negative Concord ◽  
Negative Polarity Items ◽  
Polarity Item ◽  
Taboo Word ◽  
Polarity Items ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Negative Quantifiers ◽  
Maximal Extent

This chapter examines the properties of minimizers and maximizers (i.e. minimal and maximal extent- or quantity-denoting expressions) in English, Catalan, and Spanish. Special emphasis is put on (i) establishing which type of polarity item these expressions align with, and (ii) identifying connections between them and other elements of the polarity landscape such as negative quantifiers and Negative Concord Items. It is shown that different minimizers and maximizers pattern with Affective Polarity Items, Negative Polarity Items, or Positive Polarity Items in the three studied languages, and that English minimizers behave similarly to negative quantifiers when negation is adjacent to them, while in Catalan and Spanish they behave like Negative Concord Items when headed by the particle ni ‘not even’. Vulgar (taboo word) minimizers, which have been argued to carry an incorporated zero numeral in the literature, are claimed to be lexically ambiguous between zero-incorporated structures and Affective Polarity Items.

A constraint-based modeling of negative polarity items in result clause constructions in Romanian

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-168
Author(s):  
Monica-Mihaela Rizea ◽  
Manfred Sailer
Keyword(s):  
Negative Polarity ◽  
Negative Polarity Items ◽  
Polarity Items ◽  
Lexical Resource ◽  
Distributional Patterns ◽  
Semantics And Pragmatics ◽  
Constraint Based Modeling ◽  
Resource Semantics ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Representational Framework

Summary The paper discusses the occurrence of emphatic negative polarity items (NPIs) in high degree result clause constructions. We will identify four distributional patterns for Romanian emphatic NPIs. These will range from NPIs that only occur occasionally in result constructions to NPIs that are bound to such constructions and even do not show any truth-conditionally relevant semantic contribution. We reformulate a scalar, pragmatic theory of NPIs in a constraint-based, representational framework, Lexical Resource Semantics. We propose a scalar extension of a standard semantics of result clauses in order to capture the high degree, i.e. intensification readings. The constraint-based, representational perspective of this paper allows for an elegant modeling of the data: (i) We can capture the four distributional patterns as a lexical property of the discussed NPIs. (ii) The semantics and pragmatics of Romanian result clause constructions is accounted for by lexical properties of the result clause complementizers. (iii) A scalar analysis of emphatic NPIs can be applied in embedded clauses and even when the NPI itself does not contribute to the at-issue content of the overall utterance.

scholarly journals Taboo terms and their grammar

2018 ◽  
pp. 159-179
Author(s):  
Jack Hoeksema
Keyword(s):  
Negative Polarity ◽  
Verbal Abuse ◽  
Positive Polarity ◽  
Negative Polarity Items ◽  
Polarity Items ◽  
Modern Hebrew ◽  
Negative Statements ◽  
High Degree

Taboo terms are used for far more than verbal abuse and linguistic mayhem. They may serve to strengthen questions and negative statements, they express high degree, and add negative connotations to otherwise neutral words. They may appear as negative polarity items, but also as positive polarity items. The variety of ways in which they may be employed is quite remarkable, and deserves to be studied from a cross-linguistic perspective. This chapter presents an overview of the main uses of taboo terms and the syntactic constructions they give rise to, and illustrates with material taken largely from English and Dutch, but in addition German, Estonian, Polish, and modern Hebrew.

Classification of PSIs and Their Lexical Categories

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-69
Author(s):  
Ahmad Alqassas
Keyword(s):  
Negative Polarity ◽  
Positive Polarity ◽  
Polarity Items ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Lexical Categories ◽  
Fragment Answers ◽  
Opposite Behavior ◽  
Polarity Sensitive ◽  
Negative Counterpart

In chapter 2, the author lays out a classification of polarity-sensitive items (PSIs) and their lexical categories. PSIs include negative polarity items (NPIs), free-choice items (FCIs), positive polarity items (PPIs), and negative concord items (NCIs). General indefinites display different distributions than do NPIs. Indefinite nouns like ħada and iši function as NPIs, and they are distinct from indefinite nouns (general indefinites) that occur in the context of negation. This chapter discusses the distinctive features of NPIs and PPIs, such as scope widening. Two different types of PSIs interact with negation in interesting ways: NPIs and NCIs. One key difference between the two is that NPIs cannot function as fragment answers without negation and can occur in nonnegative contexts, such as interrogative and conditional contexts. NCIs display the opposite behavior. This chapter describes the distribution of the disjunctive particles walla/willa/ʔam ‘or’ and the negative counterpart wala ‘nor’ in polarity contexts and their status as structures for coordinate complexes in Arabic.

Method of determination of the text direction on the image with the use of convolutional neural network

2020 ◽  
pp. 96-99
Author(s):  
P.L. Nikolaev
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Convolutional Neural Network ◽  
Deep Neural Network ◽  
Binary Classification ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Method Of Determination ◽  
Classification Of Images

This article deals with method of binary classification of images with small text on them Classification is based on the fact that the text can have 2 directions – it can be positioned horizontally and read from left to right or it can be turned 180 degrees so the image must be rotated to read the sign. This type of text can be found on the covers of a variety of books, so in case of recognizing the covers, it is necessary first to determine the direction of the text before we will directly recognize it. The article suggests the development of a deep neural network for determination of the text position in the context of book covers recognizing. The results of training and testing of a convolutional neural network on synthetic data as well as the examples of the network functioning on the real data are presented.

A Study on Multi Class Classification from Breast Cancer Images using Ensemble Network and Transfer Learning

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lahari Tipirneni ◽  
Rizwan Patan
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Neural Network ◽  
Convolutional Neural Network ◽  
Binary Classification ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Feature Descriptors ◽  
Histopathological Images ◽  
Viable Approach ◽  
Multi Class Classification

Abstract:: Millions of deaths all over the world are caused by breast cancer every year. It has become the most common type of cancer in women. Early detection will help in better prognosis and increases the chance of survival. Automating the classification using Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) systems can make the diagnosis less prone to errors. Multi class classification and Binary classification of breast cancer is a challenging problem. Convolutional neural network architectures extract specific feature descriptors from images, which cannot represent different types of breast cancer. This leads to false positives in classification, which is undesirable in disease diagnosis. The current paper presents an ensemble Convolutional neural network for multi class classification and Binary classification of breast cancer. The feature descriptors from each network are combined to produce the final classification. In this paper, histopathological images are taken from publicly available BreakHis dataset and classified between 8 classes. The proposed ensemble model can perform better when compared to the methods proposed in the literature. The results showed that the proposed model could be a viable approach for breast cancer classification.

scholarly journals Improving Land Cover Classification Using Genetic Programming for Feature Construction

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1623
Author(s):  
João E. Batista ◽  
Ana I. R. Cabral ◽  
Maria J. P. Vasconcelos ◽  
Leonardo Vanneschi ◽  
Sara Silva
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Genetic Programming ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Binary Classification ◽  
Feature Construction ◽  
Classification Problems ◽  
Construction Methods ◽  
Box Models

Genetic programming (GP) is a powerful machine learning (ML) algorithm that can produce readable white-box models. Although successfully used for solving an array of problems in different scientific areas, GP is still not well known in the field of remote sensing. The M3GP algorithm, a variant of the standard GP algorithm, performs feature construction by evolving hyperfeatures from the original ones. In this work, we use the M3GP algorithm on several sets of satellite images over different countries to create hyperfeatures from satellite bands to improve the classification of land cover types. We add the evolved hyperfeatures to the reference datasets and observe a significant improvement of the performance of three state-of-the-art ML algorithms (decision trees, random forests, and XGBoost) on multiclass classifications and no significant effect on the binary classifications. We show that adding the M3GP hyperfeatures to the reference datasets brings better results than adding the well-known spectral indices NDVI, NDWI, and NBR. We also compare the performance of the M3GP hyperfeatures in the binary classification problems with those created by other feature construction methods such as FFX and EFS.

scholarly journals Monotonic Functions Method and Its Application to Staging of Patients with Prostate Cancer According to Pretreatment Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 3836
Author(s):  
Valeri Gitis ◽  
Alexander Derendyaev ◽  
Konstantin Petrov ◽  
Eugene Yurkov ◽  
Sergey Pirogov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Binary Classification ◽  
Preoperative Staging ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Logical Function ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Monotonic Functions ◽  
Selection Of

Prostate cancer is the second most frequent malignancy (after lung cancer). Preoperative staging of PCa is the basis for the selection of adequate treatment tactics. In particular, an urgent problem is the classification of indolent and aggressive forms of PCa in patients with the initial stages of the tumor process. To solve this problem, we propose to use a new binary classification machine-learning method. The proposed method of monotonic functions uses a model in which the disease’s form is determined by the severity of the patient’s condition. It is assumed that the patient’s condition is the easier, the less the deviation of the indicators from the normal values inherent in healthy people. This assumption means that the severity (form) of the disease can be represented by monotonic functions from the values of the deviation of the patient’s indicators beyond the normal range. The method is used to solve the problem of classifying patients with indolent and aggressive forms of prostate cancer according to pretreatment data. The learning algorithm is nonparametric. At the same time, it allows an explanation of the classification results in the form of a logical function. To do this, you should indicate to the algorithm either the threshold value of the probability of successful classification of patients with an indolent form of PCa, or the threshold value of the probability of misclassification of patients with an aggressive form of PCa disease. The examples of logical rules given in the article show that they are quite simple and can be easily interpreted in terms of preoperative indicators of the form of the disease.

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