scholarly journals Frequency effects on the vowel length contrast merger in Seoul Korean

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoonjung Kang ◽  
Tae-Jin Yoon ◽  
Sungwoo Han
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Sound Change ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Vowel Duration ◽  
Speech Corpus ◽  
Vowel Length ◽  
On Line ◽  
High Frequency Words

AbstractThis paper presents an apparent-time study of the vowel length contrast merger in Seoul Korean based on duration measurements of over 370,000 vowels in word-initial syllables in a read-speech corpus. The effects of word frequency on vowel duration and the lexical diffusion of long-vowel shortening are also examined. The findings confirm the observation made in the previous literature that the vowel length contrast is on its way out in the language, and that this sound change is nearing completion. We also find a significant effect of frequency on long-vowel duration: other things being equal, these vowels are shorter in high-frequency words than in low-frequency words. The rate of change does not differ significantly depending on the frequency of words apart from the high-frequency words reaching the endpoint of change and bottoming out in the change earlier than mid- and low-frequency words. The observed frequency effect is compatible with a model in which the frequency effect on duration comes from on-line factors that affect phonetic implementation of speech sounds, along with an across-the-board lenition bias that drives the sound change, not from stored tokens of word-specific variants.

scholarly journals The Word Frequency Effect in Word Processing: An Updated Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Brysbaert ◽  
Paweł Mandera ◽  
Emmanuel Keuleers
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Word Frequency Effect ◽  
Frequency Measure ◽  
Language Exposure ◽  
High Frequency Words

The word frequency effect refers to the observation that high-frequency words are processed more efficiently than low-frequency words. Although the effect was first described over 80 years ago, in recent years it has been investigated in more detail. It has become clear that considerable quality differences exist between frequency estimates and that we need a new standardized frequency measure that does not mislead users. Research also points to consistent individual differences in the word frequency effect, meaning that the effect will be present at different word frequency ranges for people with different degrees of language exposure. Finally, a few ongoing developments point to the importance of semantic diversity rather than mere differences in the number of times words have been encountered and to the importance of taking into account word prevalence in addition to word frequency.

Novelty, Recency and Frequency Effects on Visual Recognition and Pseudo-Recognition Thresholds

1972 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 847-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra W. Pyke
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Frequency Responses ◽  
Competing Responses ◽  
High Frequency Words

Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of word novelty, recency of experience and frequency on traditional visual recognition and pseudo-recognition thresholds. High-frequency words had lower thresholds but in the absence of tachistoscopic information (pseudo-recognition), the frequency effect disappeared. Recent experience with the test words produced lower thresholds in both studies, as compared with thresholds for less recently experienced words. A significant interaction between novelty and frequency occurred in both studies. Novelty reduced thresholds for low-frequency stimuli but increased thresholds for high-frequency words. It was argued that effects of recency and novelty are more apparent in the pseudo-recognition situation because there is no interference from tachistoscopic fragments. High-frequency competing responses are less likely and novel low-frequency responses have a greater probability of emission.

scholarly journals An ultrasound study of frequency and co-articulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motoki Saito ◽  
Fabian Tomaschek ◽  
Harald Baayen
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Ultrasound Images ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Contour Analysis ◽  
Ultrasound Study ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
High Frequency Words

Anticipatory coarticulation has been reported to be affected by word form frequency. However, it remains unclear whether frequency effect also modulates carry-over (perseverative) coarticulation. To investigate the interaction of word form frequency effect and carry-over/anticipatory coarticulations, ultrasound imaging was performed on the articulation of the vowel [a:] in German verbs. Effects of coarticulation were induced by controlling the verb’s suffixes and preceding pronouns. Contrary to the standard tongue contour analysis, we analyzed whole ultrasound images using Generalized Additive Models. We found more fronted tongue root, lower tongue body, and higher tongue tip in low-frequency words. By contrast, high-frequency words showed a more rounded tongue shape. This was reflected by the middle part of the tongue to be higher and the tongue root more retracted in high frequency words in comparison to low frequency words. These findings indicate more optimized tongue movements for higher frequency words.

scholarly journals The item/order account of word frequency effects: Evidence from serial order tests

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Neath ◽  
Philip T. Quinlan
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Serial Order ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Order Information ◽  
Item Order ◽  
High Frequency Words

AbstractAccording to the item/order hypothesis, high-frequency words are processed more efficiently and therefore order information can be readily encoded. In contrast, low-frequency words are processed less efficiently and the focus on item-specific processing compromises order information. Most experiments testing this account use free recall, which has led to two problems: First, the role of order information is difficult to evaluate in free recall, and second, the data from free recall show all three possible patterns of results: memory for high-frequency words can be better than, the same as, or worse than that for low-frequency words. A series of experiments tested the item/order hypothesis using tests where the role of order information is less ambiguous. The item/order hypothesis predicts better performance for high- than low-frequency words when pure lists are used in both immediate serial recall (ISR) and serial reconstruction of order (SRO) tests. In contrast, when mixed (alternating) lists are used, it predicts better performance for low- than for high-frequency words with ISR tests, but equivalent performance with SRO tests. The experiments generally confirm these predictions, with the notable exception of a block order effect in SRO tasks: When a block of low-frequency lists preceded a block of high-frequency lists, a high-frequency advantage was observed but when a block of high-frequency lists preceded a block of low-frequency lists, no frequency effect was observed. A final experiment provides evidence that this block order effect is due to metacognitive factors.

A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Word Frequency and Rime-Neighborhood Size on Beginning Readers' Rime Reading Accuracy in Words and Nonwords

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Anne Calhoon ◽  
Lauren Leslie
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Word Learning ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Beginning Readers ◽  
Developmental Model ◽  
Neighborhood Size ◽  
Reading Accuracy ◽  
High Frequency Words

Beginning readers' rime reading accuracy was assessed over three years to examine the influence of word frequency and rime-neighborhood size (the number of single syllable words with the same rime) on words presented in lists and stories. Twenty-seven 1st- and 2nd- grade students read 54 words and 27 nonwords containing rimes from different size neighborhoods. In Year 1, children showed effects of neighborhood size in high frequency words read in stories and in low frequency words read in lists and stories. In Year 2, rimes from large neighborhoods were read more accurately than rimes from medium and small neighborhoods in high- and low-frequency words. In Year 3, no effects of rime-neighborhood size were found for high-frequency words, but effects on low-frequency words continued. These results support Leslie and Calhoon's (1995) developmental model of the effects of rime-neighborhood size and word frequency as a function of higher levels of word learning.

PHONOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR EXEMPLAR STORAGE OF MULTIWORD SEQUENCES

2002 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Bybee
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Phonetic Variation ◽  
Word Boundaries ◽  
High Frequency Words

Phonological evidence supports the frequency-based model proposed in the article by Nick Ellis. Phonological reduction occurs earlier and to a greater extent in high-frequency words and phrases than in low-frequency ones. A model that accounts for this effect needs both an exemplar representation to show phonetic variation and the ability to represent multiword combinations. The maintenance of alternations conditioned by word boundaries, such as French liaison, also provides evidence that multiword sequences are stored and can accrue representational strength. The reorganization of phonetic exemplars in favor of the more frequent types provides evidence for some abstraction in categories beyond the simple registration of tokens of experience.

Nonword repetition and levels of abstraction in phonological knowledge

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Munson
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Nonword Repetition ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Restriction Of Range

Susan Gathercole's Keynote Article (2006) is an impressive summary of the literature on nonword repetition and its relationship to word learning and vocabulary size. When considering research by Mary Beckman, Jan Edwards, and myself, Gathercole speculates that our finding of a stronger relationship between vocabulary measures and repetition accuracy for low-frequency sequences than for high-frequency sequences is due to differences in the range of the two measures. In our work on diphone repetition (e.g., Edwards, Beckman, & Munson, 2004; Munson, Edwards, & Beckman, 2005) we tried to increase the range in our dependent measures by coding errors on a finer grained scale than simple correct/incorrect scoring would allow. Moreover, restriction of range does not appear to be the driving factor in the relationship between vocabulary size and the difference between high- and low-frequency sequence repetition accuracy (what we call the frequency effect) in at least one of our studies (Munson et al., 2005). When the children with the 50 lowest mean accuracy scores for high-frequency sequences were examined, vocabulary size accounted for 10.5% of the variance in the frequency effect beyond what was accounted for by chronological age. When the 50 children with the highest mean accuracy scores for high-frequency sequences were examined (a group in which the range of high-frequency accuracy scores was more compressed, arguably reflecting ceiling effects), an estimate of vocabulary size accounted for only 6.9% of the frequency effect beyond chronological age. The associated β coefficient was significant only at the α<0.08 level. This is the opposite pattern than Gathercole's argument would predict.

Word frequency does not moderate the degree to which people can selectively attend to parts of visually presented words

2020 ◽  
pp. 174702182096906
Author(s):  
Todd A Kahan ◽  
Louisa M Slowiaczek ◽  
Ned Scott ◽  
Brian T Pfohl
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Congruency Effect ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Test Word ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Bigram Frequency ◽  
Capacity Model ◽  
Entire Word ◽  
High Frequency Words

Whether attention is allocated to an entire word or can be confined to part of a word was examined in an experiment using a visual composite task. Participants saw a study word, a cue to attend to either the right or left half, and a test word, and indicated if the cued half of the words (e.g., left) was the same (e.g., TOLD-TONE) or different (e.g., TOLD-WINE). Prior research using this task reports a larger congruency effect for low-frequency words relative to high-frequency words but extraneous variables were not equated. In this study ( N = 33), lexical (orthographic neighbourhood density) and sublexical (bigram frequency) variables were controlled, and word frequency was manipulated. Results indicate that word frequency does not moderate the degree to which parts of a word can be selectively attended/ignored. Response times to high-frequency words were faster than response times to low-frequency words but the congruency effect was equivalent. The data support a capacity model where attention is equally distributed across low-frequency and high-frequency words but low-frequency words require additional processing resources.

Masked onset priming effect for high-frequency words: Further support for the speech-planning account

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1155-1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania Malouf ◽  
Sachiko Kinoshita
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Mapping Process ◽  
Speech Planning ◽  
Speech Response ◽  
Target Words ◽  
High Frequency Words

Two experiments investigated whether priming due to a match in just the onset between a masked prime and target is found with high-frequency target words. Forster and Davis (1991, Exp. 5) reported that the masked onset priming effect was absent for high-frequency words and used the finding to argue that the effect has its locus in the grapheme–phoneme mapping process that operates serially within the nonlexical route. Experiment 1 used primes that were unrelated to targets and found a masked onset priming effect of equal size for high-frequency and low-frequency target words. Experiment 2 used form-related primes as used by Forster and Davis, and again found that the effect of onset mismatch was not dependent on target word frequency. These results are interpreted in terms of an alternative view that the masked onset priming effect has its origin in the process of preparing a speech response.

scholarly journals Segmentation of Online Ferrograph Images with Strong Interference Based on Uniform Discrete Curvelet Transformation

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 1546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leng Han ◽  
Song Feng ◽  
Guang Qiu ◽  
Jiufei Luo ◽  
Hong Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Wear Debris ◽  
Multiscale Analysis ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Large Error ◽  
Strong Interference ◽  
On Line ◽  
Equipment Wear ◽  
Time Acquisition ◽  
Curvelet Transformation

Through real-time acquisition of the visual characteristics of wear debris in lube oil, an on-line visual ferrograph (OLVF) achieves online monitoring of equipment wear in practice. However, since a large number of bubbles can exist in lube oil and appear as a dynamically changing interference shadow in OLVF ferrograms, traditional algorithms may easily misidentify the interference shadow as wear debris, resulting in a large error in the extracted wear debris characteristic. Based on this possibility, a jam-proof uniform discrete curvelet transformation (UDCT)-based method for the binarization of wear debris images was proposed. Through multiscale analysis of the OLVF ferrograms using UDCT and nonlinear transformation of UDCT coefficients, low-frequency suppression and high-frequency denoising of wear debris images were conducted. Then, the Otsu algorithm was used to achieve binarization of wear debris images under strong interference influence.

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