SUFISTIC LANGUAGE STYLE IN AL-QUSHAYRI’S NAHW AL-QULUB

This study aims to reveal the forms of language style used in "Nahw al-Qulub al-Kabir," the work of al-Qushayri with aesthetic values. It also intends to reveal the meaning effects implied in the language forms. This study uses a stylistic approach in analyzing text's language style, especially at the construction of the morphological level, syntax, and imagery. This research shows that the language style constructs the morphological level through word selection, word forms, and movement from one-word form to another. At the syntactic level, there are unusual sentence patterns and high intensity of using ma mausul as khobar. At the imagery level, al-Qushyari uses many patterns of isti'arah, tashbih, kinayah, saja', iqtibas, and tauriyyah. The extraction of meaning effect also carries a solid sufistic teachings dimension, including takhalli, tahalli, tajalli, ma’rifat, maqam jama’ and farq, and the teachings of Akhlaqi Sufism.

Prinsip Pengenalan Morfem dalam Bahasa Inggris: Kajian Morfologi

This research aims to classify and identify morphemes recognition in English. The method used in this study is qualitative descriptive method. In providing data, the researcher uses listening and note-taking technique. The data used in this study were retrieved from the book Top Grammar: A Guide to Write English. While the theory used is the theory of the principle of morpheme recognition. The results of this discussion can be classified into six principles of morpheme recognition namely (1) the form of indefinite pronouns, comparative and superlative degree and reflexive pronouns; (2) singular and plural forms; (3) the form of the past participle in regular {-d}/{-ed} and irregular {–n} forms; (4) singular and plural nouns, present and past verbs; (5) the form of homonyms and in principle; and (6), the form of free morpheme and bound morpheme. From the results of the classification, morpheme units can be identified based on word form, word class and also the meaning that appears.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengklasifikasi dan mengidentifikasi pengenalan morfem dalam bahasa Inggris. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Dalam tahapan penyediaan data, penulis menggunakan teknik simak dan catat. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini bersumber dari buku Top Grammar: A Guide to Write English. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori prinsip pengenalan morfem. Hasil dari pembahasan menunjukan bahwa terdapat enam prinsip pengenalan morfem, yaitu (1) terdapat pada bentuk indefinite pronoun, comparative dan superlative degree, serta reflexive pronoun; (2) terdapat pada bentuk tunggal dan jamak; (3) terdapat data pada bentuk past participle bentuk regular {-d}/ {-ed} dan irregular {–n}; (4) terdapat padakata benda tunggal dan jamak dan kata kerja present serta past; (5) terdapat pada bentuk homonim; (6) terdapat pada bentuk morfem bebas dan terikat. Dari hasil klasifikasi tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa satuan morfem dapat diidentifikasi berdasarkan bentuk kata, kelas kata, dan makna yang muncul.

Morphological Means in Russian: Clarification of the Concept

The concept of “morphological / grammatical means” is widely used in studies on the Russian language, although there is no generally accepted interpretation. This work analyzes the reflection of this concept in Russian studies and clarifies the status of those linguistic units that are traditionally referred to as morphological means: form-building affixes, alternating sounds (internal inflection), stress, supplementary word stems, auxiliary words, intonation, as well as word order. Our research has shown that these linguistic units have different functional status in the morphological structure of the Russian language. First, these are categorical, or actually morphological, means, represented by formative affixes and auxiliary words. They are carriers of morphological meanings in the structure of abstracted morphological forms – the basic units of inflectional Russian morphology. Secondly, a non-categorical means, syncretic and accidental for morphology, are supplementary stems that contain not only lexical, but also morphological meaning and thus duplicate the expression of morphological information in a word form with a form-building affix. Thirdly, these are linguistic units that are not elements of the morphological structure, but have morphological significance, which is manifested in their ability to differentiate homonymous morphological forms in the structure of word forms (alternating sounds and stress) or utterances (intonation). Word order can also perform a similar function. The study allows us to clarify the definition of the concept under consideration: morphological means are linguistic units that are carriers of morphological meanings and constituents of morphological forms.

Early Form Based Morphological Decomposition in Tagalog: MEG Evidence from Reduplication, Infixation and Circumfixation

Neuro- and psycholinguistic experimentation supports the early decomposition of morphologically complex words within the ventral processing stream, which MEG has localized to the M170 response in the (left) visual word form area (VWFA). Decomposition into an exhaustive parse of visual morpheme forms extends beyond words like “farmer” to those imitating complexity (e.g. “brother”, Lewis et al. 2011), and to “unique” stems occurring in only one word but following the syntax and semantics of their affix (e.g. “vulnerable”, Gwilliams & Marantz 2018). Evidence comes primarily from suffixation; other morphological processes have been under-investigated. This study explores circumfixation, infixation, and reduplication in Tagalog. In addition to investigating whether these are parsed like suffixation, we address an outstanding question concerning semantically empty morphemes. Some words in Tagalog resemble English “winter” as decomposition is not supported (wint-er); these apparently reduplicated pseudoreduplicates lack the syntactic and semantic features of reduplicated forms. However, unlike “winter,” these words exhibit phonological behavior predicted only if they involve a reduplicating morpheme. If these are decomposed, this provides evidence that words are analyzed as complex, like English “vulnerable”, when the grammar demands it. In a lexical decision task with MEG, we find that VWFA activity correlates with stem:word transition probability for circumfixed, infixed and reduplicated words. Furthermore, a Bayesian analysis suggests that pseudoreduplicates with reduplicate-like phonology are also decomposed; other pseudoreduplicates are not. These findings are consistent with an interpretation that decomposition is modulated by phonology in addition to syntax and semantics.

White matter disconnectivity fingerprints causally linked to dissociated forms of alexia

For over 150 years, the study of patients with acquired alexia has fueled research aimed at disentangling the neural system critical for reading. An unreached goal, however, relates to the determination of the fiber pathways that root the different visual and linguistic processes needed for accurate word reading. In a unique series of neurosurgical patients with a tumor close to the visual word form area, we combine direct electrostimulation and population-based streamline tractography to map the disconnectivity fingerprints characterizing dissociated forms of alexia. Comprehensive analyses of disconnectivity matrices establish similarities and dissimilarities in the disconnection patterns associated with pure, phonological and lexical-semantic alexia. While disconnections of the inferior longitudinal and posterior arcuate fasciculi are common to all alexia subtypes, disconnections of the long arcuate and vertical occipital fasciculi are specific to phonological and pure alexia, respectively. These findings provide a strong anatomical background for cognitive and neurocomputational models of reading.

On derivatives

The question of derivates has been repeatedly raised in the teaching processes of language grammar and general linguistics. This circumstance became the basis for creating this short article. It is well known that a word-form can be changeable or unchangeable, and this fact is determined by the parts of speech. Form-changing words can undergo two types of change: inflectional and derivative. During the inflectional change, the form of the word changes, but the lexical and semantic aspects of the word do not change, i.e. its semantic and content data do not change. A classic example of this type of change is flexion of nouns.Derivation is the formation of a word from another word by the addition of non-inflectional affixes. Derivation can be of two types. The first is lexical derivation, in which the derivative affix produces a word with a different lexical content. A word-form can be another part of speech or the same part of speech but with a different lexical content. The second type of derivation is, first of all, grammatical derivation, when grammatical categories are produced. The grammatical category in general (and a word-form in general as well) includes the unity of morphological and semantical aspects. There is no separate semantics without morphology. Any semantic category and/or content must be conveyed in a specific form, so only a specific form has a specific morphosemantics, which can be produced by the grammatical derivatives. The main difference between the two types of derivation mentioned above (and therefore between the two types of derivatives) is the levels of the language hierarchy. The first type of affixes works at the lexical level of the language, while the second type derivatives produce forms at the morphological and semantic levels. The second type derivatives are inter-level affixes, because they act on two hierarchical levels. Any grammatical category includes specific morphosemantic oppositional forms. Thus, unlike inflectional affixes, the rest of the morphological affixes are all other types of inter-level derivatives. It should be noted that the preverb in Kartvelian languages ​​is the only linguistic unit with all possible functions of affix. DOWNLOADS

Māori Vocabulary: A Study of Some High Frequency Homonyms

<p>The problem addressed in this thesis concerns the accuracy of Māori language vocabulary counts, e.g Boyce (2006), where Māori was found to use a very small vocabulary in comparison with e.g. English. As Boyce (2006, ii) acknowledges, this is partly explained by the degree of homonymy in Māori, which undermines the accuracy of the count. Homonymy is the phenomenon of the same string of letters (word-form) having two or more unrelated meanings (e.g. kī ‘say’, ‘be full’). Automated word-form counts of Maori language texts count the form kī as the same word, regardless of its meaning. Unless different meanings of the same word-form are counted as different words, such counts will underestimate the vocabulary of the Māori language. (Homonymy is not the only explanation for the low count; further explanations have been suggested by Bauer (2009) and Nation (2011).) The thesis explores whether there are consistent clues in the linguistic environment that signal the correct interpretation of homonyms in texts, and if so, how such clues could be used for tagging corpora so that counting would be more accurate. The Boyce corpus of modern broadcast Māori (Boyce, 2006, ii) provided the data. Case studies were made of three high-frequency homonyms in this corpus, kī ‘say’, ‘full’, mea ‘say’, ‘thing’ and tau ‘settle’, ‘year’. Lyons' (1968) criterion of distinction was applied to establish the lexemes realised by each of these word-forms on the basis of dictionary and etymological information. The tokens of each word-form were then extracted from Boyce’s (2006) corpus using the concordance program ‘WordSmith Tools’. WordSmith Tools is a computer program that helps to look at how words behave in a text. Concord which is part of WordSmith Tools enables the user to see any word or phrase in context. Phrase peripheries (the words before and after each word-form in the same phrase) were analysed and the wider syntactic environment was also examined in order to find clues which signalled the appropriate lexeme for each token. The results showed that the lexemes from all three case studies could be identified in the corpus on the basis of consistent clues that occur in its linguistic environment. If the phrasal periphery of the word-form is examined, and the grammatical information supplied by the wider linguistic environment is taken into account, it is possible to determine the appropriate lexemic tag for a word-form in a corpus in Māori.</p>

Māori Vocabulary: A Study of Some High Frequency Homonyms

<p>The problem addressed in this thesis concerns the accuracy of Māori language vocabulary counts, e.g Boyce (2006), where Māori was found to use a very small vocabulary in comparison with e.g. English. As Boyce (2006, ii) acknowledges, this is partly explained by the degree of homonymy in Māori, which undermines the accuracy of the count. Homonymy is the phenomenon of the same string of letters (word-form) having two or more unrelated meanings (e.g. kī ‘say’, ‘be full’). Automated word-form counts of Maori language texts count the form kī as the same word, regardless of its meaning. Unless different meanings of the same word-form are counted as different words, such counts will underestimate the vocabulary of the Māori language. (Homonymy is not the only explanation for the low count; further explanations have been suggested by Bauer (2009) and Nation (2011).) The thesis explores whether there are consistent clues in the linguistic environment that signal the correct interpretation of homonyms in texts, and if so, how such clues could be used for tagging corpora so that counting would be more accurate. The Boyce corpus of modern broadcast Māori (Boyce, 2006, ii) provided the data. Case studies were made of three high-frequency homonyms in this corpus, kī ‘say’, ‘full’, mea ‘say’, ‘thing’ and tau ‘settle’, ‘year’. Lyons' (1968) criterion of distinction was applied to establish the lexemes realised by each of these word-forms on the basis of dictionary and etymological information. The tokens of each word-form were then extracted from Boyce’s (2006) corpus using the concordance program ‘WordSmith Tools’. WordSmith Tools is a computer program that helps to look at how words behave in a text. Concord which is part of WordSmith Tools enables the user to see any word or phrase in context. Phrase peripheries (the words before and after each word-form in the same phrase) were analysed and the wider syntactic environment was also examined in order to find clues which signalled the appropriate lexeme for each token. The results showed that the lexemes from all three case studies could be identified in the corpus on the basis of consistent clues that occur in its linguistic environment. If the phrasal periphery of the word-form is examined, and the grammatical information supplied by the wider linguistic environment is taken into account, it is possible to determine the appropriate lexemic tag for a word-form in a corpus in Māori.</p>

Intraoperative localization and preservation of reading in ventral occipitotemporal cortex

Resective surgery in language-dominant ventral occipitotemporal cortex (vOTC) carries the risk of causing impairment to reading. As it is not on the lateral surface, it is not easily accessible for intraoperative mapping and extensive stimulation mapping can be time consuming. Here we assess the feasibility of using task-based electrocorticography (ECoG) recordings intraoperatively to help guide stimulation mapping of reading in vOTC. In 11 patients undergoing extraoperative, intracranial seizure mapping we recorded induced broadband gamma activation (70 - 150 Hz) during a visual category localizer. Word-responsive cortex localized in this manner showed a high sensitivity (72%) to stimulation-induced reading deficits, and the confluence of ECoG and stimulation positive sites appears to demarcate the visual word form area. In two additional patients, with pathologies necessitating resections in language-dominant vOTC, task-based functional mapping was performed intraoperatively using subdural ECoG, alongside direct cortical stimulation. Cortical areas critical for reading were mapped and successfully preserved, while enabling pathological tissue to be completely removed. Data collection is possible in <3 minutes and initial intraoperative data analysis takes <3 minutes, allowing for rapid assessment of broad areas of cortex. Eloquent cortex in ventral visual cortex can be rapidly mapped intraoperatively using ECoG. This method acts to guide high-probability targets for stimulation, with limited patient participation, and can be used to avoid iatrogenic dyslexia following surgery.

Word form processing at school age: Evidence for similarities between bilingual and monolingual children

The present study aimed to explore the lexical processing abilities of bilingual school-aged children compared to their monolingual peers. Therefore, word form processing tasks (auditory lexical decision, rapid naming, rhyming), as well as traditional vocabulary tasks (word-picture matching and picture naming), were conducted in a cross-sectional design in a sample of 163 German monolingual and 39 bilingual primary school children (6-9 years), speaking German and another language. Regression analyses revealed that age, gender, and vocabulary size, but not bilingualism have an impact on performance in word form processing tasks. Group comparisons after propensity matching on age, gender, and vocabulary size revealed no significant group differences between monolingual and bilingual children in word form processing tasks. After the sample was divided into two age groups, bilingual children showed an initial weakness at ages 6 to 7 that seems to be overcome during primary school age.