Changes in Intermuscular Coherence as a Function of Age and Phase of Speech Production During an Overt Reading Task

Purpose: The authors evaluated changes in intermuscular coherence (IMC) of orofacial and speech breathing muscles across phase of speech production in healthy younger and older adults. Method: Sixty adults (30 younger = M: 26.97 year; 30 older = M: 66.37 year) read aloud a list of 40 words. IMC was evaluated across phase: preparation (300 ms before speech onset), initiation (300 ms after onset), and total execution (entire word). Results: Orofacial IMC was lowest in the initiation, higher in preparation, and highest for the total execution phase. Chest wall IMC was lowest for the preparation and initiation and highest for the total execution phase. Despite age-related differences in accuracy, neuromuscular modulation for phase was similar between groups. Conclusion: These results expand our knowledge of speech motor control by demonstrating that IMC is sensitive to phase of speech planning and production.

Word frequency does not moderate the degree to which people can selectively attend to parts of visually presented words

Whether attention is allocated to an entire word or can be confined to part of a word was examined in an experiment using a visual composite task. Participants saw a study word, a cue to attend to either the right or left half, and a test word, and indicated if the cued half of the words (e.g., left) was the same (e.g., TOLD-TONE) or different (e.g., TOLD-WINE). Prior research using this task reports a larger congruency effect for low-frequency words relative to high-frequency words but extraneous variables were not equated. In this study ( N = 33), lexical (orthographic neighbourhood density) and sublexical (bigram frequency) variables were controlled, and word frequency was manipulated. Results indicate that word frequency does not moderate the degree to which parts of a word can be selectively attended/ignored. Response times to high-frequency words were faster than response times to low-frequency words but the congruency effect was equivalent. The data support a capacity model where attention is equally distributed across low-frequency and high-frequency words but low-frequency words require additional processing resources.

The verbs ‘rain’ and ‘snow’ in Gallo-Romance, and other morphological mismatches in diachrony

The historical morphology of the verb ‘snow’ in Francoprovençal presents a conundrum, in that it is clearly analogically influenced by the verb ‘rain’, for obvious reasons of lexical semantic similarity, but the locus of that influence is not the ‘root’ (the ostensible bearer of lexical meaning) but desinential inflexion-class members, which are in principle independent of any lexical meaning. Similar morphological changes are also identified for other Gallo-Romance verbs. It seems, in effect, that speakers can identify exponents of the lexical meaning of word-forms in linear sequences larger than the apparent ‘morphemic’ composition of those word-forms, even when such a composition may seem prima facie transparent and obvious. It is argued that these facts are inherently incompatible with ‘constructivist’, morpheme-based, models of morphology, and strongly compatible with what have been called ‘abstractivist’ (‘word-and-paradigm’) approaches, which generally take entire word-forms as the primary units of morphological analysis.

The ‘nouniness’ of attributive adjectives and ‘verbiness’ of predicative adjectives: evidence from phonology

This article investigates prototypically attributive versus predicative adjectives in English in terms of the phonological properties that have been associated especially with nouns versus verbs in a substantial body of psycholinguistic research (e.g. Kelly 1992) – often ignored in theoretical linguistic work on word classes. Inspired by Berg's (2000, 2009) ‘cross-level harmony constraint’, the hypothesis I test is that prototypically attributive adjectives not only align more with nouns than with verbs syntactically, semantically and pragmatically, but also phonologically – and likewise for prototypically predicative adjectives and verbs. I analyse the phonological structure of frequent adjectives from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), and show that the data do indeed support the hypothesis. Berg's ‘cross-level harmony constraint’ may thus apply not only to the entire word classes noun, verb and adjective, but also to these two adjectival subclasses. I discuss several theoretical issues that emerge. The facts are most readily accommodated in a usage-based model, such as Radical Construction Grammar (Croft 2001), where these adjectives are seen as forming two distinct but overlapping classes. Drawing also on recent research by Boyd & Goldberg (2011) and Hao (2015), I explore the possible nature and emergence of these classes in some detail.

FUNGSI PARTAI POLITIK DALAM PENDIDIKAN POLITIK MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 2 TAHUN 2011 DAN HUKUM ISLAM

The form and function of political party in various countries are different from one each in accordance with the system of politics which is applied in the country was. One of the functions of party politics is educate in education politics to the public, will be but the fact that occur at the time of this study politics are carried out by party politics are conducted only on past campaigns ahead of the election, namely the education of voters in terms of elections and the vision of the mission of the parties, regard this indicates that the education politics are conducted directed tho choose the party. In Islam party called Hizbu wich aims for is to help a muslim as an individual in carrying out is obligations to God, amar ma’ruf and forbis the evil, and to realize the leadership for the people of Islam in the entire word. From here seen clearly that, in education must exist an educator who always give instructions, guiding steer, encourage and educate humans to the goodness. And even an educator has the obligation to amar ma’ruf and forbidding evil, which became the principial importance of the main points of religion.Keywords: political education; party; politics.

Категория рода русских существительных в гендерном аспекте: парадигматический и синтагматический потенциал

This article proposes a gender classification of Russian declinable nouns. The following aspects are discussed:1. The way in which nouns are connected with gender semantics: factually, when the gender stem is part of their lexical meaning structure, or potentially;2. the level at which the semantics is rendered: the level of the word (within the lexeme stem or the entire word form) or the level of the syntagma;3. the semantic nature: the meaning of the biological or the symbolic gender that is present in the anthropomorphic reflection of the world.

Lexical proximity of a Xri corpus to Khoekhoegowab

The present paper examines a corpus of some 1 130 Xri concepts collected by Jan Snyman (UNISA) in the early 1970s. This collection is by far the largest corpus of vocabulary of self-declared "Grie­kwa" speakers available, and is unlikely to be surpassed in future, as the language is mori­bund. 1096 concepts of this Xri corpus are compared dialectometrically to the equivalents in Namibian Khoekhoegowab (Khoekhoe, formerly “Nama/Damara”). According to this method the rate of cognation between the Xri corpus and its Khoekhoe equivalents is 69% and consequently sets Xri aside as a lect distinct from Khoekhoegowab. While the entire word list is provided in an appen­dix, distinctive correspondences of the segmental phonology are discussed. The crucial question whether Xri had a three-tone system like !Ora or a four-tone system like Khoekhoegowab cannot be investigated reliably because of the absence of tonal data for Xri. The fact, however, that Xri (like !Ora) distinguishes certain voiced and voiceless consonants permits the conclusion that it too had a pre-tonogenetic system where voicing still is distinctive and – assumedly - has not caused tonal depression as in Khoekhoegowab. Although no dialectomeric comparison of !Ora and Xri lexicon has been undertaken, certain systematic phonological contrasts between these two lects set Xri aside also from !Ora as a distinct lect in this dialect continuum

A Sub-Dictionary Approach for Image Super Resolution Based on Sparse Representation

In this paper we attempt to speak to a novel way to deal with single-picture super-determination, established on inadequate flag representation. Investigation on picture estimations prescribes that picture covers can be very much portrayed as a scanty straight amalgamation of basics from a reasonably favored over entire word reference. Roused by this examination, we seek after a meager show for each fix of the low-determination input, and earlier utilize the estimations of this exhibit to induce the high-determination profitability. Theoretic results from compacted recognizing prescribe that under gentle conditions, the meager show can be fittingly enhanced from the down tested signals.We utilize nearby sub-word references to adaptively code picture covers, which can represent picture neighborhood gatherings improved and affirm the sparsity belonging of the picture. Moreover, we rehearse portion weakening to describe HR and LR coding amounts to internment and guide the crucial non-direct association among them. Such speaking to is of focal noticeable quality in the picture SR risky, for the reason that high-arrange estimations assume a considerable part in the modifying of the detail setup of a HR picture.

Penerapan Teknik Bagi Unsur Langsung (BUL) pada Identifikasi Afiks Bahasa Dayak Benuaq

This study aims to describe the form, function, and meaning of affix attached to the basic form of Benuaq language in Kampung Jengan Danum, Damai District, West Kutai Regency. This research is qualitative research with the technique of data analysis is BUL (Bagi Unsur Langsung) technique. This study was conducted in Kampung Jengan Danum, Damai District, West Kutai Regency. The research data is the entire word affixed spoken of native speakers Benuaq Kampung Jengan Danum. Data collection techniques used are recording techniques, cakap libat semuka technique, and simak cakap technique. The results showed that the Dayak Benuaq language in Kampung Jengan Danum has three forms affix, that is prefixes, suffixes, and combination of affixes. The prefixes are: {be-}, {pe-}, {peN-}, {te-}, and {N-}. The suffixes are: {tn}. The combination of affixes are: {ke- + N-} and {sek + N-}. The affix converts the categories of adjectives into verbs, verbs into adjectives, nouns into verbs, and nouns into adjectives. The meaning of the affixation of the Benuaq Dayak’s basic word is to declare an action, result of, a job, and to say to do work.

PENERAPAN TEKNIK BAGI UNSUR LANGSUNG (BUL) PADA IDENTIFIKASI AFIKS BAHASA DAYAK BENUAQ

ABSTRACT This study aims to describe the form, function, and meaning of affix attached to the basic form of Benuaq language in Kampung Jengan Danum, Damai District, West Kutai Regency. This research is qualitative research with the technique of data analysis is BUL (Bagi Unsur Langsung) technique. This study was conducted in Kampung Jengan Danum, Damai District, West Kutai Regency. The research data is the entire word affixed spoken of native speakers Benuaq Kampung Jengan Danum. Data collection techniques used are recording techniques, cakap libat semuka technique, and simak cakap technique. The results showed that the Dayak Benuaq language in Kampung Jengan Danum has three forms affix, that is prefixes, suffixes, and combination of affixes. The prefixes are: {be-}, {pe-}, {peN-}, {te-}, and {N-}. The suffixes are: {tn}. The combination of affixes are: {ke- + N-} and {sek + N-}. The affix converts the categories of adjectives into verbs, verbs into adjectives, nouns into verbs, and nouns into adjectives. The meaning of the affixation of the Benuaq Dayak’s basic word is to declare an action, result of, a job, and to say to do work. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk, fungsi, dan makna afiks yang melekat pada bentuk dasar bahasa Dayak Benuaq di Kampung Jengan Danum, Kecamatan Damai, Kabupaten Kutai Barat. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan teknik analisis data menggunakan teknik BUL (Bagi Unsur Langsung). Peneitian ini dilakukan di Kampung Jengan Danum, Kecamatan Damai, Kabupaten Kutai Barat. Data penelitian ini adalah seluruh kata berafiks yang dituturkan dari penutur asli Dayak Benuaq di Kampung Jengan Danum. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah teknik rekam, teknik cakap libat semuka, dan teknik simak cakap. Hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa Bahasa Dayak Benuaq Kampung Jengan Danum diketui memiliki tiga bentuk afiks, yaitu prefiks, sufiks, dan kombinasi afiks. Bentuk prefiks, yaitu: {be-}, {pe-}, {peN-}, dan {te-}. Bentuk sufiks, yaitu: {-tn}. Sedangkan kombinasi afiks, yaitu: {ke- + N-}dan {se- + N-}. Afiks tersebut berfungsi mengubah kategori kata adjektiva menjadi verba, verba menjadi adjetiva, nomina menjadi verba, dan nomina menjadi adjektiva. Makna yang muncul akibat pembubuhan afiks dengan kata dasar ialah menyatakan tindakan, menyatakan akibat, menyatakan pekerjaan, menyatakan sedang melakukan suatu pekerjaan.