scholarly journals Neutralization in Aztec Phonology – The Case of Classical Nahuatl Nasals

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-295
Author(s):  
Michał Kuźmicki
Keyword(s):  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Word Level

This article investigates nasal assimilation in Classical Nahuatl. The distribution of nasal consonants is shown to be the result of coda neutralization. It is argued that generalizations made for root and word level are disproportionate and cannot be explained through the means of rule-based phonology. It is shown that the process responsible for nasal distribution can only be accounted for by introducing derivational levels in Optimality Theory.

OPTIMALITY THEORY. René Kager. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Pp. xiii + 452. $64.95 cloth, $24.95 paper.

2001 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 422-423
Author(s):  
Daniel Dinnsen ◽  
Laura W. McGarrity ◽  
Kathleen M. O'Connor
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Basic Understanding

This volume is an excellent introduction to the principles and workings of optimality theory, a relatively new constraint-based framework. The focus is on phonology, which is where the theory thus far has had its greatest impact. A basic understanding of phonology and earlier rule-based derivational theories is assumed. At appropriate points, Kager distinguishes the different claims made by optimality theory and derivational theories. The exercises and suggested readings at the end of each chapter make the book highly suitable as a textbook. The conclusion of each chapter also provides a good summary of the main points. In addition to conventional subject and language indexes, a helpful index of constraints is included with page numbers for where the constraint is defined and used.

scholarly journals Optimaalsusteooria fonoloogias

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-126
Author(s):  
Külli Prillop
Keyword(s):  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Phonological Development ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Dominant Paradigm

Optimaalsusteooria (OT) esitasid 1990. aastate alguses Alan Prince ja Paul Smolensky. Praeguseks on OTst saanud enim kasutatav teooria fonoloogias. Tegemist on generatiivse teooria edasiarendusega. Artiklis tutvustan lühidalt optimaalsusteooria põhiseisukohti, samuti mõningaid varasemaid teooriaid, mis on OTga seotud. Pööran tähelepanu ka sellele, miks OTs on nähtud funktsionalistide ja formalistide lepitajat, ning milliseid muutusi uurimisprobleemide valikul on OT levik kaasa toonud. Väiteid ilmestab lihtne näide eesti keele kaasaütleva käände kujunemisest: miks on tunnuseks kujunenud ‑ga, mitte ‑kka ega -ks.Optimality Theory in phonology. Optimality Theory (OT), which has become the dominant paradigm for phonological research, was developed in the early 1990s by Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky. Compared to rule-based frameworks, OT arguably has more explanatory power. OT also gives the opportunity for the synthesis of functionalist and formalist ideas. In this paper, I introduce some main principles of OT. To illustrate how OT works, I present a somewhat simplified case study of the phonological development of Estonian comitative ending -ga (from the postposition *kansak ’with’). The aim of this paper is to introduce OT (in Estonian) to postgraduate students and researchers working within other theoretical frameworks.

Implicationally Related Error Patterns and the Selection of Treatment Targets

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Dinnsen ◽  
Kathleen M. O’Connor
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Clinical Treatment ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Error Patterns ◽  
Treatment Targets ◽  
Principled Explanation ◽  
Selection Of

This paper compares some of the different claims that have been made concerning acquisition by traditional rule-based derivational theories and the more recent framework of optimality theory. Case studies of children with phonological delays are examined with special attention given to two seemingly independent error patterns, namely, place harmony and spirantization. Contrary to the expectations of derivational theories, these (and other) error patterns are argued to be implicationally related. Optimality theory is shown to offer a principled explanation for the facts with novel implications for clinical treatment.

scholarly journals RTHN: A RNN-Transformer Hierarchical Network for Emotion Cause Extraction

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Xia ◽  
Mengran Zhang ◽  
Zixiang Ding
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Relative Position ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Hierarchical Network ◽  
Classification Problems ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Machine Learning Methods ◽  
Word Level

The emotion cause extraction (ECE) task aims at discovering the potential causes behind a certain emotion expression in a document. Techniques including rule-based methods, traditional machine learning methods and deep neural networks have been proposed to solve this task. However, most of the previous work considered ECE as a set of independent clause classification problems and ignored the relations between multiple clauses in a document. In this work, we propose a joint emotion cause extraction framework, named RNN-Transformer Hierarchical Network (RTHN), to encode and classify multiple clauses synchronously. RTHN is composed of a lower word-level encoder based on RNNs to encode multiple words in each clause, and an upper clause-level encoder based on Transformer to learn the correlation between multiple clauses in a document. We furthermore propose ways to encode the relative position and global predication information into Transformer that can capture the causality between clauses and make RTHN more efficient. We finally achieve the best performance among 12 compared systems and improve the F1 score of the state-of-the-art from 72.69% to 76.77%.

scholarly journals The phonology of pitch accents in Chickasaw

Phonology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Stress Constraints ◽  
Pitch Accent ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Stress Patterns ◽  
Pitch Accents

This paper examines the phonology of pitch accents in Chickasaw, a Muskogean language of Oklahoma. Chickasaw is typologically unusual in displaying a predominantly top-down prominence system, in which phonological and morphological factors that are irrelevant for word-level stress play a crucial role in positioning the pitch accent in an Intonational Phrase. Word-level stress docks on the same syllable as the pitch accent, leading to asymmetries between stress patterns found in words carrying a pitch accent and words without a pitch accent. This type of top-down prominence system emerges naturally in Optimality Theory through an inviolable constraint requiring alignment of pitch accents and stress, coupled with the ranking of certain phrasal pitch-accent constraints above word-level stress constraints.

A Simple Proof That Optimality Theory Is Computationally Intractable

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Idsardi
Keyword(s):  
Simple Proof ◽  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Np Hard ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Generation Problem

Adapting arguments from Eisner 1997, 2000, this remark provides a simple proof that the generation problem for Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 2004) is NP-hard. The proof needs only the binary evaluation of constraints and uses only constraints generally employed in the Optimality Theory literature. In contrast, rule-based derivational systems are easily computable, belonging to the class of polynomialtime algorithms, P (Eisner 2000).

scholarly journals A revised typology of opaque generalisations

Phonology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Baković
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Rule Based

This paper is about opaque interactions between phonological processes in the two senses defined by Kiparsky (1971, 1973) and discussed in much recent work on the topic, most notably McCarthy (1999) :underapplicationopacity, whereby a process appears to have failed to apply in expected contexts on the surface, andoverapplicationopacity, whereby a process appears to have applied in unexpected contexts on the surface. Specifically, I demonstrate that there are three distinct types of overapplication opacity in addition to the only case discussed and properly categorised as such in the literature, counterbleeding. The analysis of each type of opacity in terms of rule-based serialism and in terms of Optimality Theory is discussed, emphasising the strengths and weaknesses of the two frameworks in each case.

Morphological levels and diachronic change in Modern Hebrew plural formation

2006 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 777-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irit Meir
Keyword(s):  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Gender Assignment ◽  
Canonical Bases ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Diachronic Change ◽  
Modern Hebrew ◽  
Morphological System

Modern Hebrew (MH) is undergoing a change in its morphological structure. Unlike earlier periods of the language, in which all nominal suffixation processes resulted in stress shift to the suffix, MH has a few suffixes that exhibit variable behavior. When attached to canonical bases, they pattern with other suffixes in that they attract stress and may cause phonological changes to the base. When attached to non-canonical bases, they do not attract stress and cause no phonological changes to the base. Additionally, stress neutral suffixation is much more regular and productive than stress attracting suffixation in its morphology, distribution and semantics. I argue that these two different patterns can be accounted for in terms of morphological levels within the theoretical framework of Stratal Optimality Theory (Kiparsky 2000, 2002, to appear). The different phonological behavior is accounted for in terms of different ranking of two constraints, applying at stem level vs. word level. The morphological and semantic correlates are attributed to the different properties of stem vs. word-level morphology. The diachronic change, namely the activation of word level for nominal suffixation, triggered further changes in MH’s morphological system: the development of several default suffixes, and the emergence of two distinct subgrammars, which differ from each other in gender assignment and the correlation between gender and inflectional class (in the sense of Aronoff 1994).

scholarly journals Rule-based and word-level statistics-based processing of language: insights from neuroscience

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 570-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nai Ding ◽  
Lucia Melloni ◽  
Xing Tian ◽  
David Poeppel
Keyword(s):  
Rule Based ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Level Statistics

scholarly journals A Rule-ordering Theory of Blocking in Nonderived Environments

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezer Rasin
Keyword(s):  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Phonological Process ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Do So ◽  
Rule Ordering

In Nonderived Environment Blocking (NDEB), a phonological process applies across morpheme boundaries or morpheme-internally when fed by another phonological process but is otherwise blocked from applying. NDEB poses a challenge to both rule-based phonology and Optimality Theory: if P is a process that is blocked in nonderived environments, the challenge in both frameworks is to partition the set of environments of application of P into two subsets – corresponding to derived and nonderived environments – and block the application of the process precisely in nonderived environments. My goal in this paper is to show that NDEB can be reduced to rule ordering. I will do so by presenting a rule-ordering theory of NDEB that uses morpheme structure rules. Every rule P that is blocked in nonderived environments will be ordered after a morpheme structure rule R that removes P’s environments of application. Since morpheme structure rules apply to URs of individual morphemes (which correspond to nonderived environments), R will prevent P from applying precisely in nonderived environments.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document