SEMANTIC AND STYLISTIC BASIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL DOUBLETS

Параллельные формы множественного числа в осетинском языке встречаются как у заимствованных слов, у которых могут быть приметой ассимилированности слова, так и в парадигме склонения исконных слов. Такие формы отмечены преимущественно в терминосистеме родства, анализ которых позволяет уточнить представления об этимологическом развитии отдельных слов и общегрупповых морфологических, семантических процессах в системе терминов родства. Экстраполяция данных других языков, а также диахронический анализ осетинского материала позволяет восполнить недостающие элементы матрицы. Вывод о языковой потребности маркировать морфологическим способом различные значения, оформлять собирательное плюрального, отмеченного в ряде языков для различения простого множественного и собирательного, а также обозначить стилистическую принадлежность той или иной формы основывается на сопоставлении параллельных форм множественного числа терминов родства. Особое внимание уделяется отсутствию регулярной формы множественного числа у осетинской лексемы ус “жена”. Наличие параллельных форм может отражать первоначальное существование паронимов, у которых, ввиду минимальности семантической дистанции между ними и высокой омонимичности, происходила контаминация парадигм склонения. Пароним, оформленный суффиксом терминов родства, мог обозначать “жена”, соответственно, пароним без форманта мог употребляться в значении “женщина”. На образование форм множественного числа могли оказывать влияние и другие языковые процессы. И возникновение, и утрата дублетных форм могли быть обусловлены экстралингвистическими факторами. Parallel plural forms in the Ossetian language are found both in the borrowed words, which may sign the degree of assimilation of a loan, and in the declension of the original words. Such forms are noted mainly in the system of kinship terms, their analysis makes it possible to clarify ideas about the etymological development of the individual words, about the general development of morphological system, and semantic processes in the system of terms of kinship. Extrapolation of data from other languages, as well as diachronic analysis of the Ossetian material, proper, makes it possible to fill in the missing elements of the matrix. Based on the comparison of the parallel forms of the plural of kinship terms, a conclusion is made about the linguistic need to mark different meanings in a morphological way, to indicate the collective plural, peculiar to a number of languages, to distinguish between the simple plural and the collective, and to designate the stylistic features of one form or another. Particular attention is paid to the absence of a regular plural form in the Ossetian lexeme of affinity "us" - "wife". The presence of parallel forms may reflect the initial existence of the paronyms, in which, due to the minimal semantic distance between them and the high homonymy, there was a contamination of two declination paradigms. The paronym, formed by the suffix of the terms of kinship, could have meant “wife”, respectively, the paronym without the formant could have been used in the meaning of “woman”. The formation of plural forms could also be influenced by other linguistic processes. Both the emergence and loss of doublet forms could be accounted for by extralinguistic factors.

The functionality of class-numerical indicators in suffixes of adjectives of the Dargin languages

This article examines the class-numerical indicators functioning in the suffixes of adjectives of the Dargin languages that belong to the Nakh-Daghestanian language family. The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that these languages have rich morphological system; however, many grammatical categories are yet to be studied. The goal of this work is to determine the etymology of suffix indicator -ch-b (-v,- p), which forms the adjectives and contains an Aslaut changing class indicator. For achieving the set goal, the article employs comparative-historical analysis and descriptive method; for collecting verbal material of various idioms – the methods of field linguistics. The novelty consists in the fact that this attributivizer is analyzed from the comparative-historical perspective in the Dargin studies for the first time. It is established that the morpheme under review is formed from the short form of the adverb of place chedi (ch-) “upwards”. In  the Dargin languages, it functions in form of the essive comprised by affixing class indicators to the lative form. With evolution of the language, this morpheme has been grammaticalized. The acquired results can be applied in preparing comparative-historical grammar of the Dargin languages, teaching the course of the Dargin literary language, as well as in typological research.

Factors Behind the Effectiveness of an Unsupervised Neural Machine Translation System between Korean and Japanese

Korean and Japanese have different writing scripts but share the same Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) word order. In this study, we pre-train a language-generation model using a Masked Sequence-to-Sequence pre-training (MASS) method on Korean and Japanese monolingual corpora. When building the pre-trained generation model, we allow the smallest number of shared vocabularies between the two languages. Then, we build an unsupervised Neural Machine Translation (NMT) system between Korean and Japanese based on the pre-trained generation model. Despite the different writing scripts and few shared vocabularies, the unsupervised NMT system performs well compared to other pairs of languages. Our interest is in the common characteristics of both languages that make the unsupervised NMT perform so well. In this study, we propose a new method to analyze cross-attentions between a source and target language to estimate the language differences from the perspective of machine translation. We calculate cross-attention measurements between Korean–Japanese and Korean–English pairs and compare their performances and characteristics. The Korean–Japanese pair has little difference in word order and a morphological system, and thus the unsupervised NMT between Korean and Japanese can be trained well even without parallel sentences and shared vocabularies.

Lagomorpha as a Model Morphological System

Due to their global distribution, invasive history, and unique characteristics, European rabbits are recognizable almost anywhere on our planet. Although they are members of a much larger group of living and extinct mammals [Mammalia, Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, and pikas)], the group is often characterized by several well-known genera (e.g., Oryctolagus, Sylvilagus, Lepus, and Ochotona). This representation does not capture the extraordinary diversity of behavior and form found throughout the order. Model organisms are commonly used as exemplars for biological research, but there are a limited number of model clades or lineages that have been used to study evolutionary morphology in a more explicitly comparative way. We present this review paper to show that lagomorphs are a strong system in which to study macro- and micro-scale patterns of morphological change within a clade that offers underappreciated levels of diversity. To this end, we offer a summary of the status of relevant aspects of lagomorph biology.

Apologetics in V.N. Ilyin’s Works on Aesthetics

In the article the author tries to view the works of Russian philosopher V.N. Ilyin on aesthetics as apologetic. Ilyin’s philosophic system that he himself termed as general morphology is based on such categories as “form”, “image” and “icon” as key elements, and thus it has obvious aesthetic dimension. General metaphysical principles stated in Ilyin’s theoretic and philosophic works that were not published in his lifetime, were reflected in his publicistic works – on aesthetics and liturgics. According to Ilyin, “form” is something by way of which the invisible ousia (essence) of the thing manifests itself on the surface – the phenomenon of invisible in visible image. For Ilyin the illustration of that principle was icon-painting. Ilyin also called his morphological system materologism – the doctrine on Logos running through the substance. Through the prism of this statement Ilyin views the phenomenon of bell-ringing, the “metaphysical task” of which was in “spiritualization of inorganic substance”, in that case – metal. An important part in Ilyin’s morphology was the metaphysics of light: light was something that allowed initially to discern forms and was the prerequisite for beauty and for admiring the beautiful. The appeal to beauty as something that was perceived directly in inner experience and lead the thought out of the limits of abstract logical construct, according to Ilyin, was part of the ontological argument of the divine being. Not only it contained the logically necessary conclusion of the divine being as the Absolute, but also included as a condition the “fact and act” of the man’s personal religious experience, – the experience of the direct perception of the divine reality in prayer and in church service, that, in its turn, was connected with the perception of the beauty of liturgical forms and with the cult as the phenomenon of the Absolute in circumstantial. This is the reason of the importance of the works on aesthetics and liturgics of Ilyin as an apologist.

РАФИЕ ДЕМИРОВА. КОМПЕНДИУМ НА СЪВРЕМЕННИЯ БЪЛГАРСКИ ЕЗИК / RAFIE DEMIROVA. A COMPENDIUM OF CONTEMPORARY BULGARIAN

The book A Compendium of Contemporary Bulgarian aims at helping native Turkish speakers who master Bulgarian at an advanced stage of their education. The author offers a concise description of the specifics of the Bulgarian morphological system in comparison with the Turkish morphology. Special attention is paid to the grammatical categories and the means of expressing them which are absent in Turkish. The author presents the present-day language practice and examples from living Bulgarian speech.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORPHOLOGY IN HISTORICAL GRAMMATICAL WORKS

The morphological structure of any language is directly related to the study of word composition and word structure. And the definition of the morphological structure of a language is the definition of the properties, internal meanings, and main features of a language in comparison with other languages. It is also closely related to the study of the modern synchronic structure of the language and the morphonematic features of its historical development. Morphemes as building materials of our language.The roots and bases in it, the derived words and other language units, form a subsystem. The morphological system is a collection of many grammatical categories, persons who are in opposition to each other. This means that the study of morphology on earth is the study of the basis, the construction of a language system. The article will focus on the historical development of morphological personalities in the works of Professor Marhabbat Tomanov.

Morphological Proses of Wolio Language in Kabanti Nuru Molabi

Morphology is the study of words and their structure. Morphological process is a mean of changing a stem to adjust its meaning to fit its syntactic and communicational context while morphological system of language reveals its properties trhough the morphemic structur of words. This research is aimed to elaborate the morphological system of Wolio language in Kabanti Nuru Molabi based on Anceaux theory. Kabanti is an oral tradition in literary works. Descriptive method is used to analyze this research. To do this research, the researchercollect the data from Kabanti Nuru Molabi text. Moreover, in this theory, Anceaux proposed and devided the morphological system based on the class of words. One same prefix is possible to make a different class of wordswhen it is attached to a verb or a noun. Anceaux classified the morphem based on the stem attached to verb or noun. Nevertheless, the data in Kabanti Nuru Molabi shows that suffix –na, to form a possessive, and suffix –mo to form demonstrative or affirmation are not covered in Anceaux.

The Oxford History of Romanian Morphology

Romanian is one of the most morphologically complex Romance languages. This book is the first ever comprehensive and accessible account of how that morphological system evolved. Here are some of the most salient morphological traits distinctive of this language: it possesses an inflexional case system; unlike other Romance languages, it has an inflexional vocative; the morphological marking of number reached such a level of unpredictability that, for most nouns (and for many adjectives), the form of the plural must be independently specified alongside that of the singular; in addition to masculine and feminine, it seems to possess a third gender, often referred to as a ‘neuter’; its verb system contains a non-finite form, which apparently continues the Latin supine; the infinitive has undergone a morphological split such that one form functions now purely as a noun, while the other remains purely a verb; the distinctive morphology of the subjunctive has largely disappeared; lastly, noun and verb morphology are deeply permeated by the effects of successive sound changes, which have created remarkably complex patterns of allomorphy. The origins of many of these developments are problematic, indeed controversial. Moreover, they are problematic in ways that are of interest not only to broader historical Romance linguistics but, even more broadly, to morphological theory tout court. The Oxford History of Romanian Morphology shows how the features listed here are relevant to students and scholars interested in historical morphology generally no less than they are to Romance linguists.