The basal ganglia corticostriatal loops and conditional learning

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyvan Yahya
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Category Learning ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Conditional Learning ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Conditioned Responses ◽  
Sequence Of Movements

AbstractBrief maneuvering of the literature as to the various roles attributed to the basal ganglia corticostriatal circuits in a variety of cognitive processes such as working memory, selective attention, and category learning has inspired us to investigate the interplay of the two major basal ganglia open-recurrent loops, namely, visual and executive loops specifically the possible involvement of their overlap in conditional learning. We propose that the interaction of the visual and executive loops reflected through their cortical overlap in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DL-PFC), lateral orbitofrontal cortex (LO-PFC), and presupplementary motor area (SMA) plays an instrumental role preliminary first in forming associations between a series of correct responses following similar stimuli and then in shifting, abstracting, and generalizing conditioned responses. The premotor and supplementary motor areas have been shown essential to producing a sequence of movements while the SMA is engaged in monitoring complex movements. In light of the recent studies, we will suggest that the interaction of visual and executive loops could strengthen or weaken learned associations following different reward values. Furthermore, we speculate that the overlap of the visual and executive loops can account for the switching between the associative vs. rule-based category learning systems.

Emotional Regulation: Implications for the Psychobiology of Psychotherapy

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan J. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Functional Imaging ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Gene Variants ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

ABSTRACTA range of studies have contributed to understanding the psychobiology of emotional regulation. Functional imaging studies have demonstrated that cortico-limbic circuitry plays an important role in mediating processes such as reappraisal and suppression. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may be important in conscious reframing, while ventromedial prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex may be particularly important in emotion evaluation. Gene variants and early environments impact underlying emotional regulation and its neurobiology. It may be hypothesized that during interventions such as psychotherapy there are improvements in emotional regulation, together with the normalization of related psycho-biological mechanisms.

scholarly journals Elevated ad libitum alcohol consumption following continuous theta burst stimulation to the left-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is partially mediated by changes in craving

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam M. McNeill ◽  
Rebecca L. Monk ◽  
Adam W. Qureshi ◽  
Stergios Makris ◽  
Valantina Cazzato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Consumption Behaviour ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Theta Burst

AbstractPrevious research indicates that following alcohol intoxication, activity in prefrontal cortices is reduced, linking to changes in associated cognitive processes, such as inhibitory control, attentional bias (AB), and craving. While these changes have been implicated in alcohol consumption behaviour, it has yet to be fully illuminated how these frontal regions and cognitive processes interact to govern alcohol consumption behaviour. The current preregistered study applied continuous theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (cTBS) to examine directly these relationships while removing the wider pharmacological effects of alcohol. A mixed design was implemented, with cTBS stimulation to right and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the medial orbital frontal cortex (mOFC) and Vertex, with measures of inhibitory control, AB, and craving taken both pre- and post-stimulation. Ad libitum consumption was measured using a bogus taste task. Results suggest that rDLPFC stimulation impaired inhibitory control but did not significantly increase ad libitum consumption. However, lDLPFC stimulation heightened craving and increased consumption, with findings indicating that changes in craving partially mediated the relationship between cTBS stimulation of prefrontal regions and ad libitum consumption. Medial OFC stimulation and AB findings were inconclusive. Overall, results implicate the left DLPFC in the regulation of craving, which appears to be a prepotent cognitive mechanism by which alcohol consumption is driven and maintained.

scholarly journals Reduced subcortical glutamate/glutamine in adults with autism spectrum disorders: a [1H]MRS study

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. e279-e279 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Horder ◽  
T Lavender ◽  
M A Mendez ◽  
R O'Gorman ◽  
E Daly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Control Region ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Glutamatergic Neurotransmission ◽  
Broader Phenotype ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

Abstract Dysfunctional glutamatergic neurotransmission has been implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, relatively few studies have directly measured brain glutamate in ASD adults, or related variation in glutamate to clinical phenotype. We therefore set out to investigate brain glutamate levels in adults with an ASD, comparing these to healthy controls and also comparing results between individuals at different points on the spectrum of symptom severity. We recruited 28 adults with ASD and 14 matched healthy controls. Of those with ASD, 15 fulfilled the ‘narrowly’ defined criteria for typical autism, whereas 13 met the ‘broader phenotype’. We measured the concentration of the combined glutamate and glutamine signal (Glx), and other important metabolites, using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in two brain regions implicated in ASD—the basal ganglia (including the head of caudate and the anterior putamen) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex—as well as in a parietal cortex ‘control’ region. Individuals with ASD had a significant decrease (P<0.001) in concentration of Glx in the basal ganglia, and this was true in both the ‘narrow’ and ‘broader’ phenotype. Also, within the ASD sample, reduced basal ganglia Glx was significantly correlated with increased impairment in social communication (P=0.013). In addition, there was a significant reduction in the concentration of other metabolites such as choline, creatine (Cr) and N-acetylaspartate (NAA) in the basal ganglia. In the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, Cr and NAA were reduced (P<0.05), although Glx was not. There were no detectable differences in Glx, or any other metabolite, in the parietal lobe control region. There were no significant between-group differences in age, gender, IQ, voxel composition or data quality. In conclusion, individuals across the spectrum of ASD have regionally specific abnormalities in subcortical glutamatergic neurotransmission that are associated with variation in social development.

Reward-period Activity in Primate Dorsolateral Prefrontal and Orbitofrontal Neurons Is Affected by Reward Schedules

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoe Ichihara-Takeda ◽  
Shintaro Funahashi
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Delayed Response ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Reward Schedule ◽  
Motivational State ◽  
Reward Delivery ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

Reward-period activity observed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is thought to represent the detection of reward delivery. To investigate whether this activity plays the same role in these areas, we examined this activity under different reward schedules and whether the reward schedule has similar effects on this activity in each of these areas. A monkey performed an oculomotor delayed-response (ODR) task under two reward schedules. In the ODR-1 schedule, the monkey received a large amount of reward only after four successful trials, whereas in the ODR-2 schedule, it received a small amount of reward after every successful trial. Although reward-period activity was observed in both areas, more neurons exhibited this activity in the OFC. Reward-period activity was modulated by the proximity to reward delivery in both areas and this feature was observed more frequently in the OFC. The onset time of this activity also gradually advanced depending on the proximity to reward delivery. Moreover, many OFC neurons with this activity responded to free reward delivery. These results indicate that reward-period activity in the OFC represents the detection of reward delivery and that the gradual change in the magnitude and the onset time of this activity represents the expectation of reward delivery. Similar features of reward-period activity were observed in DLPFC neurons, although a significant number of DLPFC neurons did not respond to free reward delivery and no advance was observed in the onset time of this activity. These results suggest that reward-period activity in the DLPFC participates in whether or not correct performance was achieved. Thus, although similar reward-period activity was observed in both areas, the activity in the OFC represents the detection of reward delivery and is affected by the monkey's motivational state, whereas that in the DLPFC seems to participate in monitoring whether or not the necessary performance is achieved.

scholarly journals Effective connectivity during faces processing in major depression: Distinguishing markers of pathology, risk, and resilience

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seda Sacu ◽  
Carolin Wackerhagen ◽  
Susanne Erk ◽  
Nina Romanczuk-Seiferth ◽  
Kristina Schwarz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Fusiform Gyrus ◽  
Risk And Resilience ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background: Aberrant brain connectivity during emotional processing, especially within the fronto-limbic pathway, is one of the hallmarks of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, a lack of systematic approaches in previous studies made it difficult to determine whether a specific alteration in brain connectivity reflects a cause, correlate, or effect of the disorder. The current study aimed to investigate neural mechanisms that correspond to disease, risk and resilience in major depression during implicit processing of emotion cues. Methods: Forty-eight patients with MDD, 49 first-degree relatives of patients with MDD and 103 healthy controls performed a face-matching task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. We used dynamic causal modelling to estimate task-dependent effective connectivity at the subject level. Parametric empirical Bayes was then performed to quantify group differences in effective connectivity. Results: Depressive pathology was associated with decreased effective connectivity from the left amygdala and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to the right fusiform gyrus, whereas familial risk for depression corresponded to decreased connectivity from the right orbitofrontal cortex to the left insula and from the left orbitofrontal cortex to the right fusiform gyrus. Resilience for depression was related to increased connectivity from the anterior cingulate cortex to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the depressive state alters top-down control of higher visual regions during the processing of emotional faces, whereas increased connectivity within the cognitive control network promotes resilience to depression.

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