Unparteilichkeit und das Problem der Trennung von Person und Sache

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-80
Author(s):  
Daniel Stader ◽  
Anita Traninger
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Republic Of Letters ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Pierre Bayle

Abstract This article seeks to show how the republic of letters as an ideal of communication took shape between the early modern period and the early enlightenment by transforming the culture of debate within universities. While oral university disputations arbitrarily distributed the roles of respondent and opponent, thus intentionally dissociating the man and the position defended, the republic of letters, which operates through texts and preferably in the periodic press, presupposes all speech acts to be assertive. It is taken for granted that all defended positions are actually held by the speaker. Drawing on the works of Pierre Bayle, Christian Thomasius, and Christian Gottfried Hoffmann, this article will argue that the separation of person and argument is reconceived in the service of a newly emerging public sphere. Impartiality is introduced as a specific quality of judgement that is required of all participants as a type of self-regulation, thus compensating the loss of the institutional frame that was previously provided by disputation.

‘Wer Socinianische Bücher sucht, findet sie bey ihm am ehesten’

Quaerendo ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-157
Author(s):  
Rietje van Vliet
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
International Market ◽  
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ◽  
Republic Of Letters ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Republic

Abstract The microhistory of the Amsterdam-based Sebastiaan Petzold († 1704) demonstrates that in the Early Modern Period booksellers without a network were hardly able to manage professionally in the Republic of Letters. Petzold relied especially on patronage from Socinianist circles. The Socinian theologian Samuel Crellius (1660-1747) saw to it that Petzold was able to publish three highly controversial Socinian works, including the notorious Platonisme devoilé (1700). Petzold was also introduced to some prominent English booksellers thanks to Crell, which provided him with access to the international market. Another patron was the Berlin court preacher Daniel Ernst Jablonski (1660-1741), who recommended Petzold to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. In Amsterdam the literary society ‘In Magnis Voluisse Sat Est’ commissioned Petzold to publish the complete works of Lucretius, an Epicurean work which was a favourite in anti-clerical circles. In spite of this support, in the end Petzold was besieged by creditors, instead of authors thronging at his door.

scholarly journals Life Writing “from Below” in Europe: Authors, Archives, Avenues, Arenas

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. LWFB10-LWFB48
Author(s):  
T. G. Ashplant
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Life Writing ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
The Public ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Individual Potential ◽  
The Public Sphere

Drawing on a large body of scholarship from the last forty years, this article offers an overview of the diverse forms of life writing “from below” (by authors from low down in a class or status hierarchy) in Europe since the early modern period (including autobiographies, diaries, letters, as well as transcripts of oral testimonies); and the varied and developing national traditions of collecting and archiving which have developed since the mid-twentieth century. It locates such writing within a field of force between an exteriority pole constituted by the state (or by organisations of civil society, or informal community pressures) which compel or otherwise elicit life writings from below, and an interiority pole of the impulse of someone hitherto excluded to narrate their life in some public sphere; and examines diverse ways (state compulsion or solicitation; citizen engagement, challenge or resistance) in which these pressures give rise to the production of texts. It identifies the roles of intermediaries within civil society (patrons, sponsors, commercial publishers, collaborators) as links between individual (potential) authors and the public sphere.

scholarly journals Symbolika i znaczenie konia w kulturze i sztuce na przestrzeni wieków

2020 ◽  
pp. 373-387
Author(s):  
Arleta Witek
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Horse Riding ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Social Meanings ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Middle Ages

In the ancient times horse riding took over the heart of aristocracy. The horse was considered as a unique creation, which was a representation of noble origin. In ancient Greece, the rider was identified with a warrior. Around the horses appeared a lot of political and social meanings, especially important in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. An important role, that horses used to have in the society, was reflected in the art: painting and sculpture. The Republic of the Nobles was a country that loved horses more than others, gave them new symbols and meanings.

5 Evolution and Gestalt of the Austrian State

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiederin Ewald
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Administrative State ◽  
World War ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Different Levels

This chapter presents an overview and history of the Austrian administrative state. It shows how the traditional form of the Austrian administration evolved in the second half of the nineteenth century. After defeat in World War I, the Republic of Austria succeeded the extinct Danube Monarchy; it took over the Viennese central administrative departments and their personnel and remained a ‘typical administrative state’. In the early modern period, the fundamental elements of Austria's administration developed on three different levels that still exist and to this day continue to characterize the administration's structure. Most notably, the state's dominant administrative feature is expressed by the equality of the judiciary and the administrative branch in both standing and rights.

Descartes's Fictions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Gilby
Keyword(s):  
Modern Philosophy ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Literary Culture ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Pierre Corneille ◽  
Method Error ◽  
Republic Of Letters ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Intellectual Context

Descartes’s Fictions traces common movements in early modern philosophy and literary method. This volume reassesses the significance of Descartes’s writing by bringing his philosophical output into contact with the literary treatises, exempla, and debates of his age. Arguing that humanist theorizing about the art of poetry represents a vital intellectual context for Descartes’s work, the volume offers readings of the controversies to which this poetic theory gives rise, with particular reference to the genre of tragicomedy, the question of verisimilitude, and the figures of Guez de Balzac and Pierre Corneille. Drawing on what Descartes says about, and to, his many contemporaries and correspondents embedded in the early modern republic of letters, this volume shows that poetics provides a repository of themes and images to which he returns repeatedly: fortune, method, error, providence, passion, and imagination, amongst others. Like the poets and theorists of the early modern period, Descartes is also drawn to the forms of attention that people may bring to his work. This interest finds expression in the mature Cartesian metaphysics of the Meditations, as well as, later, in the moral philosophy of his correspondence with Elisabeth of Bohemia or the Passions of the Soul. Some of the tropes of modern secondary criticism—a comparison of Descartes and Corneille, or the portrayal of Descartes as a ‘tragic’ figure—are also re-evaluated. This volume thus bridges the gap between Cartesian criticism and late-humanist literary culture in France.

Modern Biblical Criticism and the Legacy of Pre-Modern Interpretation

2019 ◽  
pp. 703-722
Author(s):  
Michael C. Legaspi
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Biblical Criticism ◽  
Republic Of Letters ◽  
Biblical Literature ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Hugo Grotius ◽  
Christian Culture ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Changing Attitudes

Although biblical criticism in the early modern period is often identified with the rejection of tradition, a closer examination reveals a more complex effort to investigate the literal sense while retaining the authority of Christian culture and Antiquity. This chapter traces the development of early modern biblical criticism in relation to changing attitudes toward early Christian interpreters. Focusing on the Republic of Letters and figures such as Erasmus and Hugo Grotius, it also examines the pivotal contribution of French Oratorian Richard Simon. Simon is important not only for his critical histories of biblical literature but also for his articulation of the relation between criticism and traditional authority. Finally, this chapter considers the ways that Simon’s conception of criticism paved the way for academic interpreters in the eighteenth century, notably Johann Salomo Semler.

scholarly journals Approaching non-western consumer cultures from a historical perspective: The case of early modern Ottoman consumer culture

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eminegül Karababa
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Consumer Culture ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Communicative Action ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Market Institutions ◽  
Islamic Ethics ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Historical Trajectory

A very common but futile practice in scientific research investigating non-western consumer cultures and markets is the imposition of concepts that are derived from a single historical trajectory of western modernization. This paper aims to show that there are alternative historical trajectories in the early modern period which have formed today’s multiple modern consumer cultures. The particularities of the Ottoman context, which shaped the development of an alternative early modern consumer culture, are examined as an example. Islamic ethics, fluid social structure, wakf institutions, the negotiability of market institutions, and a public sphere formed by aesthetic, emotional, and playful communicative action are among the particularities discussed in this study.

scholarly journals Between mercantilism and market: privileges for invention in early modern Europe

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARLO MARCO BELFANTI
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Made In

This paper aims at offering a reconstruction of the salient features of the most important formal institution introduced by European states in the Early Modern Period with the aim of recognizing and protecting the intellectual property of the inventors. Such institutions went under different names – ‘Privilegio’ in Venice, ‘Patent’ in England, ‘Privilège’ in France, ‘Cedula de privilegio de invençion’ in Spain – and, in general, took the form of the concession of a special prerogative to the inventor by the sovereign or the republic, by virtue of which he could exploit, in economic terms, his own invention through holding a monopoly. The article starts with the origins of the privileges for invention, of which the first examples are to be found in the Middle Ages, but whose official ‘genesis’ is commonly identified with the Venetian law of 1474. The fundamental characteristics of the Venetian system, which was later imitated by other European states, are analysed. In the following section, the adoption of this model by those other states – Spain, France, England, and the Netherlands – is illustrated. In fact, the majority of these would make legislation on intellectual property an instrument of mercantilist policy, under the same conditions as prevailed in Venice. Further, we will examine some of the opportunities that the diffusion of these measures offered to those involved and the way in which they – as craftsmen, merchants, and speculators – took advantage of the business of privileges. Finally, before concluding, some thoughts on the changes made in the policy of privileges given the transformations that took place in the course of the eighteenth century, in order to understand the ‘adaptive’ capacity of these institutions.

Shakespeare's Pacifism

1992 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Marx
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Military Cultures ◽  
The Military ◽  
Of Greece

Like Youth and Age or Reason and Passion, War and Peace was one of those polarities that Renaissance writers persistently thought about as well as with. Reflection upon war and peace was at the heart of the Humanist movement, just as the conduct of war and peace was at the foundation of the European state system during the early modern period. This concern with war and peace arose from Humanism's defining traits: its exaltation of fame, its fascination with the military cultures of Greece and Rome, its emphasis on human dignity and freedom, its pursuit of secular knowledge in history and psychology, and its political commitment to improving the quality of institutional and personal life.’

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