Educational policies in Romania from Ceauşescu’s heritage to European mimicry

Südosteuropa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihaela-Viorica Ruşitoru
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Educational Policy ◽  
Team Work ◽  
Educational Policies ◽  
National Context ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Common Features

AbstractAfter the fall of communism educational policy in Romania was called upon to ‘shake up’ the communist heritage and effectively translate European and international prerogatives into the national context there. The main focus of this article then is the educational reforms occurring since the Ceauşescu era. The author examines key vectors of educational policies by analysing the discourse of officials from the international organisations UNESCO, OECD, ILO, and the Council of Europe and that of policy makers and educational actors from the European Union and Romania. Her threefold approach highlights the persistence of communist heritage and the scope of European mimicry, as she shows that corruption, nepotism, and favouritism are among the most common features of Romanian educational policy. She uncovers too a lack of perspective, with a mimetic reproduction of external standards, and absence of landmarks, no team-work and poor organisation of debate, all in a climate of political instability.

scholarly journals LES INCIDENCES DE L’INTÉGRATION EUROPÉENNE DE LA SLOVAQUIE SUR LES PROGRAMMES SCOLAIRES SLOVAQUES D’ENSEIGNEMENT DES LANGUES ÉTRANGÈRES

FRANCISOLA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 122
Author(s):  
François SCHMITT
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Educational Policy ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Educational Policies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Mots Clés ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Politique Linguistique ◽  
Set Up

RÉSUMÉ. L’influence du contexte national et de la politique linguistique educative de l’Etat sur l’enseignement des langues etrangeres est particulierement marquee. En Europe, les politiques linguistiques educatives ont aujourd’hui tendance a se conformer aux orientations du Conseil de l’Europe et de l’Union europeenne qui ont mis en place des politiques linguistiques educatives en phase avec les evolutions recentes de la mondialisation. Cette incidence des politiques linguistiques educatives europeennes est particulierement visible dans les modifications apportees au programme d’enseignement public des langues etrangeres slovaque de 2007 par rapport a celui de 1997. Mots-clés : conseil de l’Europe, enseignement des langues etrangeres, politique linguistique educative, Union europeenne.  ABSTRACT. Domestic political situation and domestic linguistic educational policy widely influence foreign languages teaching. Nowadays linguistic educational policies in Europe tend to comply with the Council of Europe and the European Union political guidelines. These institutions have set up linguistic educational policies in line with recent evolutions of globalisation. The modifications made to the Slovak curriculum of foreign languages between 1997 and 2007 clearly show how deep can be the influence of the European linguistic educational policy on domestic linguistic educational policies Keywords: council of Europe, European Union, foreign languages teaching, linguistic educational policy.

Hungary: Act LXII of 2001 on Hungarians Living in Neighbouring Countries

2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1242-1253
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
International Law ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Minority Rights ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The Republic

In order to comply with its responsibilities for Hungarians living abroad and to promote the preservation and development of their manifold relations with Hungary prescribed in paragraph (3) of Article 6 of the Constitution of the Republic of Hungary;Considering the European integration endeavours of the Republic of Hungary and in-keeping with the basic principles espoused by international organisations, and in particular by the Council of Europe and by the European Union, regarding the respect of human rights and the protection of minority rights;Having regard to the generally recognised rules of international law, as well as to the obligations of the Republic of Hungary assumed under international law

Conditions of democracy-enhancing multilateralism: expansion of rights protections in Europe?

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 707-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
THERESA SQUATRITO
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Law ◽  
Recent Article ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Multilateral Institutions ◽  
Legal Principle ◽  
Domestic Law

AbstractAs argued in a recent article by Keohane, Macedo, and Moravcsik, ‘democracy-enhancing multilateralism’ highlights the potential ways in which international organisations can enhance domestic democracy. The thesis raises an important question about the conditions which shape the likelihood that multilateralism will have such democratising effects. This article responds to the question of conditionality, looking at one way in which democracy may be improved by multilateralism-through the expansion of rights protections. That is, under what conditions will domestic democratic processes garner an improved ability to protect rights as a result of a state's participation in multilateral institutions? Using most likely empirical cases – the European Union (EU) and the Council of Europe (COE) – this article argues that three conditions affect the likelihood that rights expansion will result from multilateral legal institutions. Together the compatibility between the international legal principle and pre-existing domestic law, legal mobilisation, and the precision and obligation of the international law have significant affect on the likelihood of rights expansion. The unique contribution here is a set of conditions that helps to understand when and where rights are likely to expand as a result of a state's participation in international organisations.

scholarly journals How Effective is the European Security Architecture? Lessons from Bosnia and Kosovo

2001 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 540-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Wouters ◽  
Frederik Naert
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Security Architecture ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Security ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
The World

Security (in a broad sense, see infra, II.B) in Europe is the realm of several regional international organisations, mainly the European Union (“EU”), Western European Union (“WEU”), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (“NATO”), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (“OSCE”) and, to a lesser extent, the Council of Europe, creating a patchwork of regional security institutions that is unique in the world. These organisations interact in many ways and claim to be mutually reinforcing. Is that the case? Is there room for improvement?

If in Doubt, Leave it Out? EU Precaution in WTO Regulatory Space

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Flett
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
International Level ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Balanced Approach ◽  
Available Information

This article reviews the way in which the concept of precaution, as commonly referenced in EU law, is received in the WTO. It argues that precaution is not a principle, but one facet of a principle of making rational judgments based on available information, the other facet of which is “that risk is worth taking”. Systematically pursuing high cost measures in response to low risks is not a balanced approach, and has probably contributed to the scepticism with which the concept is viewed in the WTO. However, this article goes on to argue that, without needing to be a principle, precaution is the determining legal feature in the SPS Agreement, because, unlike in the European Union, there is no legislative harmonisation of SPS measures at international level, WTO Members being free to set their own appropriate level of protection. In fact, the concept of precaution is relevant in the context of many other WTO provisions and is in some respects quite close to the concept of subsidiarity. Notwithstanding this, the first WTO SPS cases, driven by regulatory exporters and an interventionist WTO, have excessively emphasised scientific issues, masking policy judgments that the WTO has neither the legal nor the political authority to sustain. The article concludes that the proper way forward necessitates closer political, legal and administrative links between the WTO and other relevant international organisations, and a move away from consensus in the latter.

scholarly journals The Council of Europe and the European Union frameworks in the legal protection of minority languages: unity or diversity?

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 347-366
Author(s):  
Alessia Vacca
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Treaty Of Lisbon ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
Charter Of Fundamental Rights ◽  
Regional Or Minority Languages

This article focuses on the comparison between European Union Law and Council of Europe Law in the field of the protection of minority languages and looks at the relationships between the two systems. The Council of Europe has been very important in the protection of minority languages, having created two treaties of particular relevance: the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 1992 and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities in 1995; both treaties contain many detailed provisions relating to minority languages. Not all countries, even of the European Union, have ratified these treaties. 12 out of 27 EU countries did not ratify the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. The European Union supports multilingualism because it wants to achieve unity while maintaining diversity. Important steps, with respect to minority languages, were taken in the European Community, notably in the form of European Parliament Resolutions. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, approved in Nice the 7th December 2000, contains art. 21 and art. 22 related to this topic. The Treaty of Lisbon makes a cross reference to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union which is, consequently, legally binding under the Treaty of Lisbon since December 2009. The Charter could give ground for appeal to the European Court of Justice in cases of discrimination on the grounds of language

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