Deko oder Didaktik? Mehrsprachigkeit in Schulbüchern für Sachfächer

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Bredthauer ◽  
Marco Triulzi ◽  
Magdalena Kaleta ◽  
Stefanie Helbert ◽  
Leon Wörmann
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Heritage Languages ◽  
Language Environment

Abstract In 2013 and 2015, the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs (KMK) passed resolutions based on theoretical and empirical research that called for the integration of multilingualism in textbooks for all subjects. The aim of these resolutions is to recognise and make use of all the resources, i. e. all the experience and skills, that students bring to the classroom to promote their development and to portray the great diversity of their environments. In the project SAMMELN, 33 textbooks for 17 subjects were quantitatively analysed, resulting in N=2,301 occurrences. The results show that, although multilingual elements regularly appear in textbooks across all subjects, these consist mainly of single words or phrases and are rarely included into tasks. Furthermore, the prevalence of languages that are frequently taught in German schools and of languages that are no longer spoken, is remarkable. In contrast, heritage languages that are commonly found in Germany, are rarely represented. These results suggest that multilingual elements present in textbooks are of predominantly decorative nature with little potential for multilingual pedagogy and without any connection to the language environment of the students.

Effects of early home language environment II: Speech comprehension and cognitive functions

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
LILY TAO ◽  
QING CAI
Keyword(s):  
Heritage Language ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Home Language ◽  
Speech Comprehension ◽  
Heritage Languages ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Language Environment ◽  
English Heritage ◽  
Home Language Environment

People who were mostly exposed to English with an accent in the early home environment are more native-like when performing various English tasks, compared to those who were mostly exposed to their non-English heritage language (Tao & Taft, 2016). The present study extends from the work of Tao and Taft (2016), further exploring the effects of early home language environment on linguistic and cognitive outcomes later in life. Three groups of young adult participants who differed in their early home language environment were examined on speech comprehension and executive function tasks. Results showed that people who were exposed mostly to non-English heritage languages have disadvantages relative to native monolingual speakers in the comprehension of certain types of stimuli, but show advantages in their executive functioning. Those exposed mostly to nonstandard English showed a less robust advantage in executive functions over native speakers, and showed no apparent disadvantage in speech comprehension.

Effects of early home language environment on perception and production of speech

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1030-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
LILY TAO ◽  
MARCUS TAFT
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Home Language ◽  
Language Performance ◽  
Heritage Languages ◽  
Speech Stimuli ◽  
Accented Speech ◽  
Accented English ◽  
Language Environment ◽  
English Heritage ◽  
Home Language Environment

The effects of exposure to non-English heritage languages versus exposure to foreign-accented English during early childhood on language performances later in life were investigated. Three groups of young adult participants who differed in their early home language environment were examined on a series of linguistic tasks. Results showed that people who were mostly exposed to accented English in the early home environment are more native-like in various aspects of English language performance than those who were mostly exposed to their non-English heritage language, including vocabulary, pronunciation, and processing of certain types of speech stimuli. Early and extended exposure to accented speech, however, does not appear to enhance the ability to perceive foreign accents in general, and may in fact produce a disadvantage when listening to unfamiliar accents. These findings provide some initial insight into the consequences of migrant parents choosing to speak one language over the other with their children.

Selecting the Optimal FM System for Children With Cochlear Implants

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Erin C. Schafer
Keyword(s):  
Speech Recognition ◽  
Cochlear Implants ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Speech Processor ◽  
System Input ◽  
Optimal Type

Children who use cochlear implants experience significant difficulty hearing speech in the presence of background noise, such as in the classroom. To address these difficulties, audiologists often recommend frequency-modulated (FM) systems for children with cochlear implants. The purpose of this article is to examine current empirical research in the area of FM systems and cochlear implants. Discussion topics will include selecting the optimal type of FM receiver, benefits of binaural FM-system input, importance of DAI receiver-gain settings, and effects of speech-processor programming on speech recognition. FM systems significantly improve the signal-to-noise ratio at the child's ear through the use of three types of FM receivers: mounted speakers, desktop speakers, or direct-audio input (DAI). This discussion will aid audiologists in making evidence-based recommendations for children using cochlear implants and FM systems.

The Impact of Visual Feedback Type on the Mastery of Visuo-Motor Transformations

2012 ◽  
Vol 220 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Sülzenbrück
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Visual Input ◽  
Closed Loop Control ◽  
Loop Control ◽  
Feedback Type ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
The Impact

For the effective use of modern tools, the inherent visuo-motor transformation needs to be mastered. The successful adjustment to and learning of these transformations crucially depends on practice conditions, particularly on the type of visual feedback during practice. Here, a review about empirical research exploring the influence of continuous and terminal visual feedback during practice on the mastery of visuo-motor transformations is provided. Two studies investigating the impact of the type of visual feedback on either direction-dependent visuo-motor gains or the complex visuo-motor transformation of a virtual two-sided lever are presented in more detail. The findings of these studies indicate that the continuous availability of visual feedback supports performance when closed-loop control is possible, but impairs performance when visual input is no longer available. Different approaches to explain these performance differences due to the type of visual feedback during practice are considered. For example, these differences could reflect a process of re-optimization of motor planning in a novel environment or represent effects of the specificity of practice. Furthermore, differences in the allocation of attention during movements with terminal and continuous visual feedback could account for the observed differences.

Which Data to Meta-Analyze, and How?

2019 ◽  
Vol 227 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Voracek ◽  
Michael Kossmeier ◽  
Ulrich S. Tran
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Curve Analysis ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Statistical Procedures ◽  
Graphical Displays ◽  
Primary Data Analysis ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Data Analytic

Abstract. Which data to analyze, and how, are fundamental questions of all empirical research. As there are always numerous flexibilities in data-analytic decisions (a “garden of forking paths”), this poses perennial problems to all empirical research. Specification-curve analysis and multiverse analysis have recently been proposed as solutions to these issues. Building on the structural analogies between primary data analysis and meta-analysis, we transform and adapt these approaches to the meta-analytic level, in tandem with combinatorial meta-analysis. We explain the rationale of this idea, suggest descriptive and inferential statistical procedures, as well as graphical displays, provide code for meta-analytic practitioners to generate and use these, and present a fully worked real example from digit ratio (2D:4D) research, totaling 1,592 meta-analytic specifications. Specification-curve and multiverse meta-analysis holds promise to resolve conflicting meta-analyses, contested evidence, controversial empirical literatures, and polarized research, and to mitigate the associated detrimental effects of these phenomena on research progress.

Discipline Theory and Empirical Research Still Await Connection

1983 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 453-454
Author(s):  
Henry S. Lufler
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research
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