scholarly journals Internal Cation Mobilities in the Molten Binary Systems KNO3-Sr(NO3)2 and KNO3-Ba(NO3)2

1987 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 1021-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao-cheng Yang ◽  
Junko Habasaki ◽  
Osamu Odawara ◽  
Isao Okada
Keyword(s):  
Molar Volume ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Alkaline Earth ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Coulombic Attraction ◽  
Internal Mobility ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
Alkaline Earth Cations

The relative differences in internal cation mobilities for the molten binary systems (K, Sr0.5)NO3 and (K, Ba0.5)NO3 have been measured with the Klemm method in the concentration range up to 34 mol% of the alkaline earth cations. From these and available data on the densities and conductivities, the internal mobilities of these cations, bK, bSr and bBa, have been calculated. In these systems bK and bSr or bBa decrease with decreasing concentration of the K+ ion. bK is well expressed by bK = fK ·bK*=fK·[A/(V-V0)] exp (-E/RT), where bK* is the internal mobility of the K+ ion in such melts as (K,Cs)NO3 in which the Coulombic attraction is the dominant factor for the internal mobility of the K+ ion, the constants A, V0, and E being independent of the coion, V is the molar volume of the present mixture and fK the volume fraction of KNO3 in the mixture. At a given mole fraction of K+ ions, the internal mobilities are in the order: Ca<Sr<Ba. This order could be interpreted as the decreasing order of the Coulombic attraction of these cations with the anion.

Molar Volume of Molten Binary CaCl2-NaCl, LaCl3-NaCl, and LaCl3-CaCl2 and Ternary LaCl3-CaCl2-NaCl Systems

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 520-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Igarashi ◽  
Y. Iwadate ◽  
H. Ohno ◽  
J. Mochinaga
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Molar Volume ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Molar Volumes ◽  
Dilatometric Method

Molar volumes of molten CaCl2-NaCl, LaCl3-NaCl, LaCl3-CaCl2 and the quasi-binary systems LaCl3-nNaCl · mCaCl2 (mole ratio n : m = 1:3.2, 1:1, and 2.6:1) have been measured by the dilatometric method, and expressed as functions of both temperature and mole fraction by means of least squares regression. The molar volumes of molten LaCl3-NaCl and LaCl3-CaCl2 showed positive and negative deviations, respectively, from additivity, while CaCl2-NaCl and the three quasi-binary systems satisfied approximately the additivity. The isotherm of molar volume for ternary LaCl3-CaCl2-NaCl system at 900 °C was represented according to the isotherms of three binary and three quasi-binary systems.

Internal Cation Mobilities in the Molten Binary Systems (Li, Na)Cl and (Na, K)Cl

1993 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 1223-1228
Author(s):  
Chao-Cheng Yang ◽  
Bor-Jih Lee
Keyword(s):  
Molar Volume ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Empirical Relation ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Column Method ◽  
Internal Mobility

Abstract Internal mobility ratios of the two cations in the molten binary systems (Li, Na)Cl and (Na, K)Cl have been measured with Klemm's column method. From these and available data on the densities and conductivities the internal mobilities bLi , bNa and bK have been calculated. In (Li, Na)Cl, bLi is smaller than bNa in the investigated composition and temperature range, and in (Na, K)Cl, the Chemla effect occurs, that is a crossing of the isotherms is observed.The internal cation mobilities bM are well expressed by the empirical relationbM = [A/(V-V0)]exp(-E/RT), where A, E and V0 are constants depending on the cation M and V is the molar volume of the mixture.

Internal Mobilities in Molten Systems (Na-K)NO3 and (K-Cs)NO3

1983 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao-cheng Yang ◽  
Ryuzo Takagi ◽  
Isao Okada
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Molar Volume ◽  
Free Space ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Attraction Effect ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Internal Mobility ◽  
Space Effect

Abstract Internal mobility ratios in melts of the binary systems (Na-K)NO3 and (K-Cs)NO3 have been measured with the Klemm method in a wide range of concentration and temperature. From these and the available data on densities and conductivities, the internal mobilities have been calculated. In both systems the Chemla effect has been observed at relatively high temperature. The internal mobilities of Na+ and K+ seem to be well expressed by b = [A/(V- V0)] exp(-E/RT) (V: molar volume; V0 , A and E are parameters) in the respective systems (Na-M)NO3 (M = K, Rb and Cs) and (K-M)NO3 (M=Rb and Cs). The internal mobilities in the binary alkali nitrate melts can be qualitatively rationalised in terms of the attraction effect, the free space effect and the agitation effect.

Internal Mobilities in (Na-Rb)NO3 Melts

1981 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-384
Author(s):  
Isao Okada ◽  
Ryuzo Takagi ◽  
Kazutaka Kawamura
Keyword(s):  
Molar Volume ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Internal Mobility

Internal mobility ratios in melts of the system (Na-Rb)NO3 have been measured with the Klemm method at various temperatures and compositions. The internal mobilities have been calculated from these and the available data on densities and conductivities. The Chemla effect has been observed. For NaNO3 concentrations > 10 mol %, the internal mobility of the Na+ ions obeys the formula bNa = [A/(V - V0)] exp(- E/RT). where V is the molar volume and V° is slightly temperature dependent. For NaNO3 concentrations < 10 mol %, bNa becomes smaller than expected from the formula. The internal mobility of the Rb+ ions also obeys such a formula at higher temperatures. At lower temperatures it in, like that of the Cs+ ions, a function of the mole fraction and independent of the kind of coions

Internal Cation Mobilities in Molten (Ca,Ba)Cl2

1994 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 690-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruaki Matsuura ◽  
Isao Okada
Keyword(s):  
Molar Volume ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Alkaline Earth ◽  
Barium Chloride ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Cation Mobility ◽  
Chloride Melts

Abstract Internal cation mobility ratios in molten (Ca, Ba)Cl2 have been measured by the Klemm method for χBa (mole fraction of barium chloride) = 0.25 -0.51 at 973 K and χBa = 0 -0.61 at 1073 K. From these and available data on the densities and conductivities the internal cation mobilities b have been calculated, assuming additivity of the molar volume. Although bCa in pure CaCl2 is greater than bBa in pure BaCl2, bCa is smaller than bBa in all the investigated mixtures at the respective temperatures. With increasing molar volume at constant temperature both bCa and bBa decrease. Since the profile of the isotherms is similar to that for the binary monovalent chloride systems so far studied, monoatomic ionic species are assumed to carry the current also in the alkaline earth chloride melts.

Internal Cation Mobilities in the Molten Systems (Ag, Rb)NO3 and (Ag,Cs)NO3 Remeasured by the Klemm Method

1993 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 1207-1213
Author(s):  
Pao-hwa Chou ◽  
Haruaki Matsuura ◽  
Isao Okada
Keyword(s):  
Molar Volume ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Emf Method ◽  
Precise Data ◽  
Internal Mobility

Abstract Internal mobility ratios in the molten binary systems (Ag,Rb)NO3 and (Ag,Cs)NO3 have been measured by Klemm's countercurrent electromigration method at various temperatures and compositions. From these and the available data on the densities and conductivities, the cation internal mobilities b have been calculated. Over the investigated regions of temperature and composition bAg is greater than bRb and bCs . The internal mobility of Ag+ is well expressed by bAg = [A/(V - V0)] • exp(-E/RT), where V is the molar volume of the mixtures, A, V0 , and E being constants nearly independent of the coions. A comparison of the present data with those previously obtained by the EMF method certifies that the Klemm method yields more precise data.

scholarly journals Effect of the Preheated Oxidizer Temperature on Soot Formation and Flame Structure in Turbulent Methane-Air Diffusion Flames at 1 and 3 atm: A CFD Investigation

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3671
Author(s):  
Subrat Garnayak ◽  
Subhankar Mohapatra ◽  
Sukanta K. Dash ◽  
Bok Jik Lee ◽  
V. Mahendra Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Diffusion Flames ◽  
Soot Formation ◽  
Flame Structure ◽  
Soot Volume Fraction ◽  
Computational Domain ◽  
Pressure Elevation

This article presents the results of computations on pilot-based turbulent methane/air co-flow diffusion flames under the influence of the preheated oxidizer temperature ranging from 293 to 723 K at two operating pressures of 1 and 3 atm. The focus is on investigating the soot formation and flame structure under the influence of both the preheated air and combustor pressure. The computations were conducted in a 2D axisymmetric computational domain by solving the Favre averaged governing equation using the finite volume-based CFD code Ansys Fluent 19.2. A steady laminar flamelet model in combination with GRI Mech 3.0 was considered for combustion modeling. A semi-empirical acetylene-based soot model proposed by Brookes and Moss was adopted to predict soot. A careful validation was initially carried out with the measurements by Brookes and Moss at 1 and 3 atm with the temperature of both fuel and air at 290 K before carrying out further simulation using preheated air. The results by the present computation demonstrated that the flame peak temperature increased with air temperature for both 1 and 3 atm, while it reduced with pressure elevation. The OH mole fraction, signifying reaction rate, increased with a rise in the oxidizer temperature at the two operating pressures of 1 and 3 atm. However, a reduced value of OH mole fraction was observed at 3 atm when compared with 1 atm. The soot volume fraction increased with air temperature as well as pressure. The reaction rate by soot surface growth, soot mass-nucleation, and soot-oxidation rate increased with an increase in both air temperature and pressure. Finally, the fuel consumption rate showed a decreasing trend with air temperature and an increasing trend with pressure elevation.

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