Chemistry and Morphology of Epicuticular Waxes from Leaves of Five Euphorbia Species

1986 ◽  
Vol 41 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 521-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Hemmers ◽  
Paul-Gerhard Gülz ◽  
Kurt Hängst
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Epicuticular Waxes ◽  
Primary Alcohols ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Morphological Appearance ◽  
Surface Waxes ◽  
Wax Crystals ◽  
Scanning Electron

The surface waxes of five Euphorbia species (Euphorbiaceae) were studied by chemical methods and by scanning electron microscopy. The yields of epicuticular waxes, expressed as percentages of the dry weights, differed from species to species. Qualitatively the five species showed the same wax composition but differences appeared in the amounts of single wax components and in their distribution patterns. The predominance of mainly saturated and long chained components as well as the high amounts of primary alcohols and triterpenols resulted in crystalline wax layers. The comparable chemical wax com position of all five species resulted in a quite similar morphological appearance of wax crystals.

Surfactant-Induced Phytotoxicity

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Falk ◽  
Richard Guggenheim ◽  
Gerhard Schulke
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Morphological Alteration ◽  
Epicuticular Waxes ◽  
Common Purslane ◽  
Morphology Changes ◽  
Cryo Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron

The leaves of tall morningglory, giant duckweed, and common purslane were treated with nine surfactants at a concentration of 0.1% and examined after 24 hr using cryo-scanning electron microscopy for phytotoxicity as evidenced by tissue damage and epicuticular wax morphology changes. In some instances, tissue damage could be discerned; however, the effects of a particular surfactant were not uniform across the three species. Morphological alteration of epicuticular waxes was not observed. Gas chromatographic analyses of the epicuticular waxes of the species used in the study reveal component differences and may, in part, explain the lack of uniform response across species for a particular surfactant.

scholarly journals Foliar epidermis morphology in Quercus (subgenus Quercus, section Quercus) in Iran

2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parisa Panahi ◽  
Ziba Jamzad ◽  
Mohammad Pourmajidian ◽  
Asghar Fallah ◽  
Mehdi Pourhashemi
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Epicuticular Waxes ◽  
Abaxial Leaf Surface ◽  
Trichome Types ◽  
Foliar Morphology ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Foliar Epidermis

Foliar epidermis morphology inQuercus(subgenusQuercus, sectionQuercus) in IranThe foliar morphology of trichomes, epicuticular waxes and stomata inQuercus cedrorum, Q. infectoriasubsp.boissieri, Q. komarovii, Q. longipes, Q. macranthera, Q. petraeasubsp.ibericaandQ. robursubsp.pedunculiflorawere studied by scanning electron microscopy. The trichomes are mainly present on abaxial leaf surface in most species, but rarely they appear on adaxial surface. Five trichome types are identified as simple uniseriate, bulbous, solitary, fasciculate and stellate. The stomata of all studied species are of the anomocytic type, raised on the epidermis. The stomata rim may or may not be covered with epicuticular. The epicuticular waxes are mostly of the crystalloid type but smooth layer wax is observed inQ. robursubsp.pedunculiflora.Statistical analysis revealed foliar micromorphological features as been diagnostic characters inQuercus.

Using of Microspheres of Power Ashes for Gases Cleaning from Sulphur Dioxide

2014 ◽  
Vol 1079-1080 ◽  
pp. 110-117
Author(s):  
V.S. Yemelyanova ◽  
H. Kurokawa ◽  
B.T. Dossumova ◽  
Zh.K. Kairbekov ◽  
T.V. Shakiyeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Iron Content ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Iron Ions ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Scanning Electron

The composition and structure of the microspheric aluminosilicates of Combined Heating and Power Plants (CHРP) ashes is studied with the help of modern physical-chemical methods (XRD, scanning electron microscopy, BET, elemental and chemical analysis). The activity of microsphere-based catalysts for the reaction of Na2SO3 oxidation by oxygen is also studied by kinetic and potentiometric methods. By means of EPR and Möessbauer spectroscopy it is concluded that iron ions into the composition of cenospheres exist in two states – Fe3+ and Fe2+, thus, the iron (III) is in the form of solitary ions in an aluminosilicate matrix in the range of the iron content 3-4 mass %.

scholarly journals Comparative floral surface micromorphology helps to discriminate between species of Paphiopedilum (Orchidaceae: Cypripedioideae) from Peninsular Malaysia

Lankesteriana ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward E. Besi ◽  
Lam S. Jia ◽  
Muskhazli Mustafa ◽  
Christina S. Y.  Yong ◽  
Rusea Go
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Epicuticular Waxes ◽  
Monophyletic Clade ◽  
Surface Micromorphology ◽  
Floral Micromorphology ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract. The floral micromorphology of critically endangered Paphiopedilum Pfitzer [P. barbatum (Lindl.) Pfitzer, P. callosum var. sublaeve (Rchb.f.) P.J.Cribb and P. niveum (Rchb.f.) Stein] were analyzed concerning either infrageneric taxonomy or physioecological demands. The first two species are phylogenetically close and superficially identical but occur with distinct phytogeographical distributions in the region. The third species is a phylogenetically distant congener that inhabits limestone areas in the northern part of Peninsular Malaysia. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we investigated the surface of the dorsal sepal, synsepal, lateral petals, pouch or labellum, and staminode. Amongst the investigated features were epicuticular waxes, epicuticular ornamentation, trichome distribution and type, pustular glands, and papillae. Our study supports the distinction of P. barbatum from P. callosum var. sublaeve, which belong to subgenus Paphiopedilum, and from P. niveum, a species belonging to subgenus Brachypetalum, a separated monophyletic clade. Comparatively, P. barbatum has Type III non-glandular trichomes on the margin of its lateral petals, which are absent in P. callosum var. sublaeve. Paphiopedilum callosum var. sublaeve and P. niveum are distinguishable from P. barbatum by a confined distribution of papillae. The epicuticular ornamentation and distribution of trichomes on staminode discriminate between P. barbatum and P. callosum var. sublaeve and differentiates them from P. niveum. Compared to P. barbatum and P. niveum, stomata in P. callosum var. sublaeve were superficial with prominently raised guard cells. From the physioecological view, the absence of glandular trichomes, and the low occurrence of papillae and stomata on the floral parts explain the unscented flowers of P. barbatum and P. callosum var. sublaeve. A combination of the features examined is taxonomically valuable for delimitation of the species at the infrageneric level, although the diagnostic characters are far inadequate for a generic taxonomic revision. A study with a more extensive sampling from the three subgenera of Paphiopedilum, including subgenus Parvisepalum, is anticipated to elucidate the level of variation of the analyzed microcharacters. Key Words: physioecological importance, Peninsular Malaysia, subgenus Brachypetalum, subgenus Paphiopedilum, scanning electron microscopy, taxonomic delimitation

scholarly journals Slippery flowers as a mechanism of defence against nectar-thieving ants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuya Takeda ◽  
Tomoki Kadokawa ◽  
Atsushi Kawakita
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Pollinator Behaviour ◽  
Epicuticular Wax Crystals ◽  
Experimental Introduction ◽  
Floral Characters ◽  
Wax Crystals ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractBackground and AimsThe great diversity of floral characters among animal-pollinated plants is commonly understood as the result of coevolutionary interactions between plants and pollinators. Floral antagonists, such as nectar thieves, also have the potential to exert selection on floral characters, but adaptation against floral antagonists has attracted comparatively little attention. We found that the corollas of hornet-pollinated Codonopsis lanceolata (Campanulaceae) and the tepals of bee-pollinated Fritillaria koidzumiana (Liliaceae) are slippery to nectar-thieving ants living in the plant’s habitat; because the flowers of both species have exposed nectaries, slippery perianths may function as a defence against nectar-thieving ants.MethodsWe conducted a behavioural experiment and observed perianth surface microstructure by scanning electron microscopy to investigate the mechanism of slipperiness. Field experiments were conducted to test whether slippery perianths prevent floral entry by ants, and whether ant presence inside flowers affects pollination.Key ResultsScanning electron microscopy observations indicated that the slippery surfaces were coated with epicuticular wax crystals. The perianths lost their slipperiness when wiped with hexane. Artificial bridging of the slippery surfaces using non-slippery materials allowed ants to enter flowers more frequently. Experimental introduction of live ants to the Codonopsis flowers evicted hornet pollinators and shortened the duration of pollinator visits. However, no differences were found in the fruit or seed sets of flowers with and without ants.ConclusionsSlippery perianths, most likely based on epicuticular wax crystals, prevent floral entry by ants that negatively affect pollinator behaviour. Experimental evidence of floral defence based on slippery surfaces is rare, but such a mode of defence may be widespread amongst flowering plants.

Absorption and Translocation of MON 0818 Adjuvant in Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis)

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 817-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart L. Sherrick ◽  
Harvey A. Holt ◽  
F. Dan Hess
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Epicuticular Waxes ◽  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
Sorbitan Monolaurate ◽  
Treated Area ◽  
Field Bindweed ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Scanning Electron

To develop an understanding of how adjuvants might enhance glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] activity, absorption and translocation of a polyethoxylated tallow amine amphoteric surfactant (MON 0818) were examined in field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensisL. # CONAR). Scanning electron microscopy did not reveal any physical disruption of the epicuticular waxes from spray applications of MON 0818, an oxysorbic (20 POE) (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate) surfactant, or glyphosate. Radioactive MON 0818 absorption was rapid during the first 6 h. Maximum absorption (84%) occurred by 24 h after application. Less than 3% of the applied radioactivity was recovered from the epicuticular wax of treated leaves. Movement of radioactivity away from the treated area was limited predominantly to movement within the treated leaf. Altering light intensity or humidity in which the plants developed before treatment did not influence MON 0818 absorption.

scholarly journals Chemical biofilm dislodgement with chelating and reducing agents in comparison to sonication: implications for the diagnosis of implant associated infection

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Karbysheva ◽  
Maria Eugenia Butini ◽  
Mariagrazia Di Luca ◽  
Tobias Winkler ◽  
Michael Schütz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽  
Chelating Agent ◽  
Bacterial Biofilm ◽  
Isothermal Microcalorimetry ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Artificial Surface ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractSonication of removed devices improved the microbiological diagnosis of infection. Recently, chemical agents have been investigated for dislodgement of biofilms, including the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT). We compared the efficacy of chemical methods (EDTA and DTT) to sonication for biofilm dislodgement. Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 35984) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 53278) biofilms were grown on porous glass beads for 3 days. After biofilm formation, beads were exposed to 0.9% saline, sonication and/or chemical agents. Quantitative and qualitative biofilm analyses were performed by colony counting (CFU/ml), isothermal microcalorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. The colony counts after treatment with EDTA and DTT were similar to those after exposure to 0.9% saline (6.3, 6.1 and 6.0 log CFU/ml, respectively) for S. epidermidis biofilms, and (5.1, 5.2 and 5.0 log CFU/ml, respectively) for P. aeruginosa biofilm. Sonication detected higher CFU counts (7.5 log CFU/ml) for S. epidermidis; (p<0.05) and 6.5 log for P. aeruginosa biofilm (p <0.05). Concordant results were detected with isothermal microcalorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. In conclusion, the CFU count after treatment of S. epidermidis or P. aeruginosa biofilms with EDTA and DTT was similar to those observed after 0.9% saline used as control. In contrast, sonication was superior to chemical methods for biofilm dislodgment and detection of microorganisms in sonication fluid. In conclusion, our study showed that sonication is superior to chemical method to dislodge bacterial biofilm from artificial surface and should be considered as standard diagnostic method for biofilm detection in implant-associated infections.

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