Vertical and Horizontal Impact Force Comparison During Jump Landings With and Without Rotation in NCAA Division I Male Soccer Players

Purpose:During the competitive soccer season, women’s intercollegiate matches are typically played on Friday evenings and Sunday afternoons. The efficacy of a 42-h recovery period is not well understood. This investigation was conducted to determine performance differences between Friday and Sunday matches during a competitive season.Methods:Ten NCAA Division I female soccer players (20.5 ± 1.0 y, 166.6 ± 5.1 cm, 61.1 ± 5.8 kg) were monitored with 10-Hz GPS devices across 8 weekends with matches played on Friday evenings and Sunday afternoons. The players were outside backs, midfielders, and forwards. All players had to participate in a minimum of 45 min/match to be included in the study. Average minutes played, total distance covered, total distance of high-intensity running (HIR) (defined as running at a velocity equal to or exceeding 3.61 m/s for longer than 1 s), the number of HIR efforts, and the number of sprints were calculated for each match. Data for Friday vs Sunday matches were averaged and then compared using dependent t tests.Results:No differences were seen in minutes played, distance rate, or number of sprints between Friday and Sunday matches. A significant (P = .017) decrease in rate of HIR between Friday (25.37 ± 7.22 m/min) and Sunday matches (22.90 ± 5.70 m/min) was seen. In addition, there was a trend toward a difference (P = .073) in the number of efforts of HIR between Friday (138.41 ± 36.43) and Sunday (126.92 ± 31.31).Conclusions:NCAA Division I female soccer players cover less distance of HIR in games played less than 48 h after another game. This could be due to various factors such as dehydration, glycogen depletion, or muscle damage.

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Regular- and postseason comparisons of playing time and measures of running performance in NCAA Division I women soccer players

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2014-0560 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 40 (9) ◽

pp. 907-917 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Adam J. Wells ◽

Jay R. Hoffman ◽

Kyle S. Beyer ◽

Mattan W. Hoffman ◽

Adam R. Jajtner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ncaa Division I ◽

High Intensity ◽

High Speed ◽

Division I ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Running Performance ◽

Transient Motion ◽

Absolute Time ◽

Low Intensity ◽

Playing Time

The management of playing time in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) soccer athletes may be a key factor affecting running performance during competition. This study compared playing time and running performance between regular-season and postseason competitions during a competitive women’s soccer season. Nine NCAA Division I women soccer players (age, 21.3 ± 0.9 years; height, 170.3 ± 5.7 cm; body mass, 64.0 ± 5.8 kg) were tracked using portable GPS devices across 21 games during a competitive season (regular season (n = 17); postseason (n = 4)). Movements on the field were divided into operationally distinct thresholds defined as standing/transient motion, walking, jogging, low-speed running, moderate-speed running, high-speed running, sprinting, low-intensity running, and high-intensity running. A significant increase in minutes played (+17%, p = 0.010) was observed at postseason compared with the regular season. Concomitant increases in time spent engaged in low-intensity running (LIR: +18%, p = 0.011), standing/transient motion (+35%, p = 0.004), walking (+17%, p = 0.022), distance covered while walking (+14%, p = 0.036), and at low intensity (+11%, p = 0.048) were observed. Performance comparisons between the first and second half within games revealed a significant decrease (p ≤ 0.05) in high-speed and high-intensity runs during the second half of the postseason compared with the regular season. Changes in minutes played correlated significantly with changes in absolute time spent engaged in LIR (r = 0.999, p < 0.001), standing/transient motion (r = 0.791, p = 0.011), walking (r = 0.975, p = 0.001), jogging (r = 0.733, p = 0.025), distance covered while walking (r = 0.898, p < 0.001) and low-intensity activity (r = 0.945, p < 0.001). Negative correlations were observed between minutes played and absolute time sprinting (r = −0.698, p = 0.037) and distance covered sprinting (r = −0.689, p = 0.040). Results indicate that additional minutes played during the postseason were primarily performed at lower intensity thresholds, suggesting running performance during postseason competitions may be compromised with greater playing time in intercollegiate women’s soccer.

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Pre- and Post-season Dietary Intake, Body Composition, and Performance Indices of NCAA Division I Female Soccer Players

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.13.3.303 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 303-319 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Mandy Clark ◽

Debra B. Reed ◽

Stephen F. Crouse ◽

Robert B. Armstrong

Keyword(s):

Ncaa Division I ◽

Division I ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Published Data ◽

Performance Indices ◽

Diet Records ◽

Physical Tests ◽

Physiological Profiles ◽

Glycogen Repletion ◽

And Performance

Little published data describe the dietary and physiological profiles of intercollegiate female soccer players; therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to report baseline dietary data, anthropometrics, and performance indices of soccer women during rigorous pre-season training (2 sessions/day) and then during the post-competitive season. Members of a NCAA Division I women’s soccer squad completed 3-day diet records, anthropometrics, and physical tests, including VO2peak. Average body mass was 62 kg with 16% body fat, and no significant pre to post differences were observed. Total energy, carbohydrate (CHO), protein, and fat intakes were significantly greater during the pre-sea-son. Pre-season energy intake met the DRI for females with an “active” lifestyle (37 kcal/kg). While CHO intake failed to meet minimum recommendations to promote glycogen repletion (7–10 g/kg), protein and fat intakes were above minimum recommendations. Pre- and post-season intakes of several micronu-trients were marginal (<75% of the DRI) including vitamin E, folate, copper, and magnesium. VO2peak significantly improved from pre- to post-season (42 and 50 ml/kg/min). In this study female soccer players appeared to meet caloric needs during periods of training but failed to meet minimum CHO and micronu-trient recommendations. Foods higher in protein and fat displaced more CHOrich and nutrient-dense foods within athletes’ energy requirements and satiety limits.

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Changes In Game Performance Of NCAA Division I Women Soccer Players Across A Competitive Season

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/01.mss.0000479366.61874.41 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 967

Author(s):

Adam J. Wells ◽

Jay R. Hoffman ◽

Kyle S. Beyer ◽

Mattan W. Hoffman ◽

David H. Fukuda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ncaa Division I ◽

Division I ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Competitive Season ◽

Game Performance

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Youth Sport Development Pathways and Experiences of NCAA Division I Women's College Soccer Players

10.31979/etd.53bw-66da ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Emily Hardell

Keyword(s):

Ncaa Division I ◽

Youth Sport ◽

Division I ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Women's College

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Epidemiologic Assessment of Concussions in an NCAA Division I Women’s Soccer Team

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967120921746 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 232596712092174

Author(s):

Alexander E. Weber ◽

Nicholas A. Trasolini ◽

Ioanna K. Bolia ◽

Santano Rosario ◽

John P. Prodromo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ncaa Division I ◽

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Epidemiologic Study ◽

Injury Mechanism ◽

Ice Hockey ◽

School Level ◽

Division I ◽

Soccer Players ◽

High School Level ◽

Soccer Team

Background: Among collegiate sports, ice hockey and wrestling have been reported to have the highest rates of concussion injury. Recent literature has shown that among all sports, female soccer players had the highest rate of concussion injury at the high school level. Sport-specific analysis will increase our knowledge of epidemiologic characteristics of this serious injury in young soccer players, where “heading” is commonly involved during participation. Hypothesis: Heading during soccer will be associated with increased frequency of concussion injury in collegiate female players compared with other mechanisms of injury, and concussion injury mechanism and rates will differ by setting of injury (practice or match) and player position. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiologic study. Methods: This was a retrospective review and epidemiologic analysis of all concussions documented from a single National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I female collegiate soccer team between 2004 and 2017. A total of 381 participants were reviewed, and concussion injury mechanism, setting (practice or match), player position, and number of games and practices missed due to injury were analyzed. Results: Overall, 25 concussions in 22 players from the 2004 to 2017 seasons were identified, for an annual rate of 1.79 concussions per year. Collisions (36%) followed by headers (20%) were the most common mechanisms. Forwards sustained the most concussions (32%). Injuries were more common in games (56%) than practice (40%). Of note, the most common cause of concussion during practice was headers (40%). Of the concussions documented, 20 (91%) were the player’s first concussion. On average, each concussion resulted in a player missing 3.96 games and 12.46 practices. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that concussion rates in female NCAA soccer players vary by position and occur with different frequencies and mechanisms in practice and games. Interventions for concussion avoidance should aim to limit exposure to high-risk activity, including player-to-player contact in games and headers in practice. Although gameplay and collisions can be unpredictable and difficult to control, practice settings can be modified in an attempt to decrease risk.

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The Influence of Verbal Cues on Drop Jump Landing Strategies in NCAA Division I Soccer Players

American Journal of Sports Science ◽

10.11648/j.ajss.20210902.12 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 37

Author(s):

Leland Barker ◽

Scott Bankers ◽

Brooke Farmer ◽

Jake Siedlik ◽

John Harry ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ncaa Division I ◽

Division I ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Drop Jump ◽

Verbal Cues ◽

Jump Landing

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Increased Lower Extremity Injury Risk Associated With Player Load and Distance in Collegiate Women’s Soccer

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/23259671211048248 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 232596712110482

Author(s):

Michelle Xiao ◽

Jessica N. Nguyen ◽

Calvin E. Hwang ◽

Geoffrey D. Abrams

Keyword(s):

Lower Extremity ◽

Ncaa Division I ◽

High Speed ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Division I ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Lower Extremity Injury ◽

Extremity Injury ◽

Total Distance ◽

Women's Soccer

Background: There is limited research regarding the impact of workload on injury risk specific to women’s soccer. Wearable global positioning system (GPS) units can track workload metrics such as total distance traveled and player load during games and training sessions. These metrics can be useful in predicting injury risk. Purpose: To examine the relationship between injury risk and player workload as collected from wearable GPS units in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I women’s soccer players. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Lower extremity injury incidence and GPS workload data (player load, total distance, and high-speed distance) for 65 NCAA Division I women’s soccer players were collected over 3 seasons. Accumulated 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-week loads and acute-to-chronic workload ratios (ACWR) were classified into discrete ranges by z-scores. ACWR was calculated using rolling averages and exponentially weighted moving averages (EWMA) models. Binary logistic regression models were used to compare the 7:28 rolling average and EWMA ACWRs between injured and noninjured players for all GPS/accelerometer variables. The prior 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-week accumulated loads for all GPS/accelerometer variables were compared between the injured and uninjured cohorts using 2-sample t tests. Results: There were a total of 53 lower extremity injuries that resulted in lost time recorded (5.76/1000 hours “on-legs” exposure time; 34 noncontact and 19 contact injuries). The prior 2-week (7242 vs 6613 m/s2; P = .02), 3-week (10,533 vs 9718 m/s2; P = .02), and 4-week (13,819 vs 12,892 m/s2; P = .04) accumulated player loads and 2-week (62.40 vs 57.25 km; P = .04), 3-week (90.97 vs 84.10 km; P = .03), and 4-week (119.31 vs 111.38 km; P = .05) accumulated total distances were significantly higher for injured players compared with noninjured players during the same time frames. There were no significant differences in player load, total distance, or high-speed distance ACWR between injured and noninjured players for both the rolling averages and EWMA calculations. Conclusion: Higher accumulated player load and total distance, but not ACWR, were associated with injury in women’s soccer players.

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Changes in functional connectivity are associated with one season of head-to-ball impact exposure in male collegiate soccer athletes

Neurology ◽

10.1212/01.wnl.0000550677.08469.57 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 91 (23 Supplement 1) ◽

pp. S14.2-S15

Author(s):

Derek C. Monroe ◽

David Keator ◽

Robert Blumenfeld ◽

James Hicks ◽

Steven L. Small

Keyword(s):

Functional Connectivity ◽

Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽

Ncaa Division I ◽

Betweenness Centrality ◽

Autonomic Function ◽

Insular Cortex ◽

Cingulate Cortex ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Division I ◽

Soccer Players

ObjectivesReturn-to-play protocols could be improved by a better understanding of the physiologic effects of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Autonomic dysregulation is thought to underlie many of the multi-dimensional symptoms following mTBI and may derive from altered connectivity in the brain central autonomic network (CAN). Understanding the relationship between injury and CAN connectivity could lead to a useful biomarker for mTBI. Toward this end, the present study aimed to establish a formal relationship between non-symptomatic head-to-ball impacts (“headers”) and CAN connectivity in collegiate soccer athletes.MethodsEleven male NCAA Division I soccer players were monitored by athletic training staff throughout 1 season for the number of headers. Ten male NCAA Division I athletes (3 cross-country and 7 golfers) served as controls. All participants underwent resting-state fMRI pre- and post-season. Twenty ROIs were selected based on regions previously implicated in control and modulation of autonomic function. Graph theoretical analyses were used to probe changes in network architecture and connectivity. Specific contrasts focused on pre- and post-season changes that were explained by individual differences in exposure to headers (p < 0.05 uncorrected).ResultsWithin the 20 node network, increases in headers were associated with reduced degree centrality of the left and right insular cortex and right putamen (p< 0.02), increased degree and betweenness centrality in the left anterior and right posterior Para hippocampal gyri (p< 0.03), and increased betweenness centrality in the anterior cingulate cortex (p = 0.006). Headers were also associated with reduced functional connectivity within the subnetwork including the anterior cingulate cortex (p = 0.0073), right hippocampus, left putamen, and left insular cortex (p< 0.04).ConclusionHighly skilled soccer players who sustained the greatest number of head impacts also experienced the greatest altered connectivity among regions associated with autonomic function. Future work to establish autonomic function as an injury biomarker should consider the importance of cumulative impact magnitudes.

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Athlete workloads during collegiate women's soccer practice: Implications for return-to-play

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/205-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Natalie Kupperman ◽

Alexandra F. DeJong ◽

Peter Alston ◽

Jay Hertel ◽

Susan A. Saliba

Keyword(s):

Ncaa Division I ◽

Athletic Trainers ◽

Division I ◽

Return To Play ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Game Play ◽

Strength And Conditioning ◽

Total Distance ◽

Simulated Game ◽

Women's Soccer

Abstract Context: Athlete monitoring using wearable technology is often incorporated with soccer athletes. While evaluations have tracked global outcomes across soccer seasons, there is little information on athlete loads during individual practice drills. Understanding these demands is important for athletic trainers for return-to-play decision-making. Objective: To provide descriptive information on total distance, total playerload (PL), distance per minute, and PL per minute for practice drill structures and game-play by player position among female soccer athletes across a competitive season. Design: Retrospective, observational field study. Setting: NCAA Division I university. Patients or other Participants: Thirty-two female college soccer players (20±1 years). Interventions: Athletes wore a single GPS and triaxial accelerometer unit during all practices and games in a single soccer season. Individual practice drills were labeled by the team's strength and conditioning coach, and binned into physical, technical and tactical skills, and small- and large-sided competition drill structures. Main Outcome Measures: Descriptive analyses were used to assess the median total distance, total PL, distance per minute, and PL per minute by drill structure and player position (defenders, midfielders, forwards/strikers) during practices and games. Results: Small- and large-sided competitive drills imposed the greatest percentage of workload across all measures for each position (~20% of total practice), followed by physical drills. When comparing technical and tactical, technical skills required athletes to cover the greatest distance (technical: ~17%; tactical: ~15%), tactical skills required higher play intensity during practices across all positions (technical: ~18%; tactical: ~13%). Defenders had the highest median PL outcomes of all positions during practices. Conclusions: Different practice drill types imposed varying levels of demands on female soccer athletes, which simulated game play. Athletic trainers and other clinicians may use this information for formulating objective return-to-play guidelines for injured collegiate women's soccer players.

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