scholarly journals Twenty-Five Years of Research Using Implicit Measures

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. s1-s25
Author(s):  
Bertram Gawronski ◽  
Jan De Houwer ◽  
Jeffrey W. Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
25Th Anniversary ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures ◽  
Theoretical Developments

The year 2020 marks the 25th anniversary of two seminal publications that have set the foundation for an exponentially growing body of research using implicit measures: Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, and Williams's (1995) work using evaluative priming to measure racial attitudes, and Greenwald and Banaji's (1995) review of implicit social cognition research that served as the basis for the development of the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The current article provides an overview of (1) two conceptual roots that continue to shape interpretations of implicit measures; (2) conflicting interpretations of the term implicit; (3) different kinds of dissociations between implicit and explicit measures; (4) theoretical developments inspired by these dissociations; and (5) research that used implicit measures to address domain-specific and applied questions. We conclude with a discussion of challenges and open questions that remain to be addressed, offering guidance for the next generation of research using implicit measures.

scholarly journals The target/perpetrator brief-implicit association test (B-IAT): an implicit instrument for efficiently measuring discrimination based on race/ethnicity, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, weight, and age

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maddalena Marini ◽  
Pamela D. Waterman ◽  
Emry Breedlove ◽  
Jarvis T. Chen ◽  
Christian Testa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

Abstract Background To date, research assessing discrimination has employed primarily explicit measures (i.e., self-reports), which can be subject to intentional and social desirability processes. Only a few studies, focusing on sex and race/ethnicity discrimination, have relied on implicit measures (i.e., Implicit Association Test, IAT), which permit assessing mental representations that are outside of conscious control. This study aims to advance measurement of discrimination by extending the application of implicit measures to multiple types of discrimination and optimizing the time required for the administration of these instruments. Methods Between September 27th 2019 and February 9th 2020, we conducted six experiments (984 participants) to assess implicit and explicit discrimination based on race/ethnicity, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, weight, and age. Implicit discrimination was measured by using the Brief-Implicit Association Test (B-IAT), a new validated version of the IAT developed to shorten the time needed (from ≈15 to ≈2 min) to assess implicit mental representations, while explicit discrimination was assessed using self-reported items. Results Among participants (mean age = 37.8), 68.6% were White Non-Hispanic; 69% were females; 76.1% were heterosexual; 90.7% were gender conforming; 52.8% were medium weight; and 41.5% had an advanced level of education. Overall, we found implicit and explicit recognition of discrimination towards all the target groups (stronger for members of the target than dominant groups). Some exceptions emerged in experiments investigating race/ethnicity and weight discrimination. In the racism experiment, only people of Color showed an implicit recognition of discrimination towards the target group, while White people were neutral. In the fatphobia experiment, participants who were not heavy showed a slight implicit recognition of discrimination towards the dominant group, while heavy participants were neutral. Conclusions This study provides evidence that the B-IAT is a valuable tool for quickly assessing multiple types of implicit discrimination. It shows also that implicit and explicit measures can display diverging results, thus indicating that research would benefit from the use of both these instruments. These results have important implications for the assessment of discrimination in health research as well as in social and psychological science.

Instruction-Based Approach-Avoidance Effects

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter Van Dessel ◽  
Jan De Houwer ◽  
Anne Gast ◽  
Colin Tucker Smith
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Avoidance Training ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Evaluative Priming ◽  
Blacks And Whites ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

Prior research suggests that repeatedly approaching or avoiding a certain stimulus changes the liking of this stimulus. We investigated whether these effects of approach and avoidance training occur also when participants do not perform these actions but are merely instructed about the stimulus-action contingencies. Stimulus evaluations were registered using both implicit (Implicit Association Test and evaluative priming) and explicit measures (valence ratings). Instruction-based approach-avoidance effects were observed for relatively neutral fictitious social groups (i.e., Niffites and Luupites), but not for clearly valenced well-known social groups (i.e., Blacks and Whites). We conclude that instructions to approach or avoid stimuli can provide sufficient bases for establishing both implicit and explicit evaluations of novel stimuli and discuss several possible reasons for why similar instruction-based approach-avoidance effects were not found for valenced well-known stimuli.

How tasty is governance? Understanding the effect of a “cooperative” label on perceived taste of food products

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-44
Author(s):  
Axelle Faure-Ferlet ◽  
Sonia Capelli ◽  
William Sabadie
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Process ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Explicit Measures ◽  
Cooperative Governance

This research investigates whether a label on cooperative governance influences the perceived taste of a product through a sensation transfer process. The first study measures perceived taste of unbranded products implicitly (via an Implicit Association Test) and explicitly (via a survey). The label improves the implicitly and explicitly perceived taste. The second study, reproducing the same protocols with branded products, confirms this result for implicitly perceived taste, but the effect of the label on explicitly perceived taste disappears. Because implicit measures are more predictive of routine purchasing than are explicit measures, we recommend spotlighting cooperative governance on food products.

scholarly journals Understanding and Using the Brief Implicit Association Test: Recommended Scoring Procedures

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Nosek ◽  
Yoav Bar-Anan ◽  
Natarajan Sriram ◽  
Jordan Axt ◽  
Anthony G. Greenwald
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Average Response Time ◽  
Transformation Algorithms ◽  
Criterion Variables ◽  
Explicit Measures

A brief version of the Implicit Association Test (BIAT) has been introduced. The present research identified analytical best practices for overall psychometric performance of the BIAT. In 7 studies and multiple replications, we investigated analytic practices with several evaluation criteria: sensitivity to detecting known effects and group differences, internal consistency, relations with implicit measures of the same topic, relations with explicit measures of the same topic and other criterion variables, and resistance to an extraneous influence of average response time. The data transformation algorithms D outperformed other approaches. This replicates and extends the strong prior performance of D compared to conventional analytic techniques. We conclude with recommended analytic practices for standard use of the BIAT.

scholarly journals Measure What You are Trying to Predict: Applying the Correspondence Principle to the Implicit Association Test

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis H. Irving ◽  
Colin Smith
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Correspondence Principle ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Total N ◽  
Single Target ◽  
Explicit Measures

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is nearly synonymous with the implicit attitude construct. At the same time, correlations between the IAT and criterion measures are often remarkably low. Developed within research using explicit measures of attitudes, the correspondence principle posits that measures should better predict criteria when there is a match in terms of the level of generality or specificity at which both are conceptualized (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1977). As such, weak implicit-criterion correlations are to be expected when broad general implicit measures are used to predict highly specific criteria. Research using explicit measures of attitudes consistently supports the correspondence principle, but conceptual correspondence is rarely considered by researchers using implicit measures to predict behavior and other relevant criterion measures. In five experiments (total N = 4650), we provide the first direct evidence demonstrating the relevance of the correspondence principle to the predictive validity of the IAT and Single Target IAT. That said, it is not the case that the IAT always predicts criteria better when correspondence is high. Inconsistency across the pattern of results suggests there is much more that remains to be understood about the relevance of the correspondence principle to the implicit-criterion relationship. Taken together, however, our findings suggest that conceptual correspondence typically increases (and never decreases) the magnitude of implicit-behavior and implicit-explicit relationships. We provide a framework for future research necessary to establish when correspondence is more likely to increase the predictive validity of measures such as the IAT.

scholarly journals Can Evaluative Conditioning Change Well-Established Attitudes Towards Popular Brands? Your Brain Says Yes Even Though Your Mouth Says No

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Shannon Bosshard ◽  
Monika Koller ◽  
Peter Walla
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Evaluative Conditioning ◽  
Brand Names ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Verbal Responses ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Explicit Measures

In the present study, using both implicit and explicit measures, we addressed the issue of whether strongly developed relationships towards brands could be modified through the use of evaluative conditioning. Using an online survey, individual participant brand lists were created, and formed the basis of this experiment. Participants were then exposed to conditioning during a longitudinal study. Throughout the experiment, a combination of explicit and implicit measures was used to assess changes in attitude. Specifically, participants were asked to rate the brand names on a Likert-type scale. Simultaneously, changes in the brains electrical activity in response to the brands were recorded via electroencephalography (EEG). Upon completion of this task, participants underwent two Implicit Association Tests (IAT; one for liked brands and one for disliked brands). There were two main findings of this study. Firstly, no significant changes in attitude were observed via the use of explicit measures, and those that were found relating to the IAT were regarded as questionable. Secondly, EEG presented consistent results which showed that conditioning elicited changes in cortical activity towards both liked and disliked brands, which suggest it may be a useful tool in measuring the impact of evaluative conditioning that is not reflected in verbal responses.

Predicting Spontaneous Big Five Behavior with Implicit Association Tests

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie C. Steffens ◽  
Stefanie Schulze König
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Association Tests ◽  
Spontaneous Behavior ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

According to theories brought forward recently, implicit measures based on reaction times, for instance Implicit Association Tests (IATs), should predict spontaneous behavior better than explicit measures. We applied five IATs to the measurement of the Big Five personality factors and tested whether the IATs predicted spontaneous behavior. The results show that, although implicit and explicit measures of personality dimensions were related at times, the correlations between them and with behavior suggest that these constructs should be differentiated. IATs predicted spontaneous behavior, but explicit measures did not. In contrast, explicit measures, but not IATs, were related to transparent self-ratings of behavior.

Heart Versus Reason in Condom Use: Implicit Versus Explicit Attitudinal Predictors of Sexual Behavior

2001 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry L. Marsh ◽  
Blair T. Johnson ◽  
Lori A. J. Scott-Sheldon
Keyword(s):  
Condom Use ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Strong Decrease ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Thought Listing ◽  
Spontaneous Behavior ◽  
Explicit Measures ◽  
Over Time

Abstract. We test the hypothesis that explicit and implicit measures of attitudes would differentially predict deliberate versus spontaneous behavior in the domain of condom use. Students completed explicit attitudinal and thought-listing measures about using condoms and implicit measures using attitude priming and Implicit Association Test (IAT) procedures. An attitude IAT measured the association between condom images and affective images; a self-identity IAT measured association of condoms with the self. We predicted and found that condom use with main partners was predicted by explicit measures but not implicit measures; the opposite was true for condom use with casual partners. Although the attitude priming measure was not positively correlated with casual condom use, the IATs were. The patterns of relations, however, were unexpectedly complex, due to a strong decrease in IAT effects over time, and different IATs assessing unique attitudinal dimensions.

The Role of Self-Involvement in Shifting IAT Effects

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 348-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maddalena Marini ◽  
Sandro Rubichi ◽  
Giuseppe Sartori
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Racial Attitudes ◽  
Association Test ◽  
The Self ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Explicit Measures

Explicit measures can be affected by self-involvement in processing of a message (Johnson & Eagly, 1989). Here, we show that self-involvement in a counter-stereotypical message also influences implicit measures such as the Implicit Association Test (Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998). In our study, racial attitudes changed only after reading a counter-stereotypical scenario in which participants were asked to imagine themselves as victims of an assault as opposed to simply imagine an assault to a person. This shift did not depend on evaluative instructions and it was transient as it was no longer present after 1 week. These results suggest that the self-involvement might be an important factor in shifting implicit measures.

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