scholarly journals Ideové východiská pedagogického myslenia na Slovensku v 40. rokoch 20. storočia a ich vyústenie do socialistickej pedagogiky

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-21
Author(s):  
Blanka Kudláčová
Keyword(s):  
Political Context ◽  
Educational Study ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Educational Thought ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Conceptual Foundations ◽  
The Given

The paper is a historical-educational study that aims to survey changes in conceptual foundations of educational thought in the 1940s and their form at the beginning of Communism. It was a complicated period with several overlapping ideological levels: the ideas of the interwar democratic Czechoslovakia “retired”, the national socialist ideology of the Slovak state was established in the situation of the war, and the Marxist-Leninist ideology, which was fully implemented after the Communist coup in 1948, was being gradually shaped. The change of direction in the educational thought and in its foundations is demonstrated mainly through two leading figures of pedagogy of the given period: Juraj Čečetka (1907–1983), the first Slovak professor of pedagogy and Ondrej Pavlík (1916–1996), the creator of the socialist pedagogy and education. The first part of the paper focuses on a broader socio-political context that suggested changes in ideological orientation of educational thought in the 1940s, the second part of the paper discusses educational thought in the 1950s when only the socialist variant can be considered. The study is based on source literature of both mentioned representatives of the period and on existing research of their work (Krankus, Kudláčová, Faktorová, Valkovičová, Wiesenganger) and life (Mihálechová, Michalička, Londáková).

scholarly journals Change of Direction in Understanding the History of Education in Slovakia in the 1940s

Pedagogika ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Blanka Kudláčová
Keyword(s):  
History Of Education ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Scientific Publication ◽  
Educational Work ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Conceptual Foundations ◽  
The Impact

Abstract: The paper is a historical-educational study that aims to survey changes in the conceptual foundations of the field of the history of education in the 1940s, when a change of direction in its understanding, caused mainly by political circumstances, occurred. It was a complicated period with several overlapping ideological levels: the ideas of the interwar democratic Czechoslovakia “retired”, the national socialist ideology of the Slovak state was established in the situation of the war, and the Marxist-Leninist ideology, which was fully implemented after the communist coup in 1948, was being gradually shaped. A change of direction in the history of education and a change in its foundations will be demonstrated via two leading figures in the pedagogy of the period and their historical-educational work. Th e first one is Juraj Čečetka (1907–1983), the first Slovak professor of pedagogy. In 1940, he published his work Zo slovenskej pedagogiky [From Slovak Pedagogy], which can be considered the first Slovak scientific publication in the fi eld of the modern history of education. The second personality that signifi cantly infl uenced the character of pedagogy in Slovakia in the 1940s was Ondrej Pavlík (1916–1996). Th e conceptual foundations of his writings were different in comparison to Čečetka’s work and his successful establishment was aided by political engagement. His pedagogical work was predetermined by a dissertation thesis, Vývin sovietskeho školstva a pedagogiky (1945) [Development of Soviet Education and Pedagogy], and a monograph, Vysoké školy v Sovietskom zväze (1947) [Universities in the Soviet Union]. Discussing the work of Juraj Čečetka and Ondrej Pavlík, the following can be pointed out: 1. the close connection between personal conviction and political engagement and scientific work; 2. the impact of the ideology of totalitarian regimes on science and education, and 3. a change of direction in the understanding of the history of education under the influence of totalitarian ideologies and the difficulty of evaluating them objectively.Keywords: history of education, national socialist ideology, Marxist-Leninist ideology, Juraj Čečetka, Ondrej Pavlík.

Talking Italian blues: Roberto Leydi, Giovanna Marini and American Influence in the Italian folk revival, 1954–66

Popular Music ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-334
Author(s):  
Rachel E. Love
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Folk Music ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Political Context ◽  
The Political ◽  
Folk Revival ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Musical Traditions ◽  
Postwar Italy

AbstractThis article examines how Roberto Leydi and Giovanna Marini, two important figures of the Italian ‘folk revival’, negotiated diverse American cultural influences and adapted them to the political context of Italy in the 1950s and 1960s. I argue that American musical traditions offered them valuable models even as many Italian intellectuals and artists grew more critical of US society and foreign policy. To explore this phenomenon in greater depth, I take as examples two particular moments of exchange. I first discuss American folklorist Alan Lomax's research in Italy and its impact on Leydi's career. I then examine how Marini employed American talking blues in order to reject US society in her first ballad, Vi parlo dell'America (I Speak to You of America) (1966). These two cases provide specific examples of how American influence worked in postwar Italy and the role of folk music in this process.

Trends of Modernization of professional training in the system of special education

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
Maria Sheremet ◽  
Mykola Suprun ◽  
Daria Suprun
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Conceptual Foundations ◽  
The Given ◽  
Optimal Set ◽  
Professional Formation

The conceptual foundations of the theory and practice of the professional formation of the personality in the system of special education are substantiated. The essence of the given training is considered in various ways, on the basis of which its qualitative and classification characteristics, levels and systemic and structural components are determined; the content, organizational and pedagogical conditions and criteria for assessing the levels of formation of these components aredefined.The following components of professional training are defined: professional and motivational, cognitive and competence, operational and active, productive and reflexive. It is indicated that the given structural components are interrelated, interdependent and complementary to each other. Theoretical paradigm is scientifically substantiated, the structural-functional, organizational-didactic model of the system of professional training in the field of special education is developed and tested and the dynamics of the formation of its components according to the results of the implementation of this system is highlighted. Particular attention is paid to finding and developing of the optimal set of methods of its providing, developing programs and definition of developed program’s efficiency. The practical results of scientists’ work in defining spheres are analyzed. The results of the experimental study of the components of the professional readiness to work on a specialty are highlighted. The prospects for further research in the context of improving professional training in the field of special education are outlined.

scholarly journals Rāṅgey Rāghav’s Literary Biographies, Loī kā tānā and Ratnā kī bāt, in the 1950s and the Debates on the Status of Indian Women and Dalits

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Mangraviti
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Political Context ◽  
The Political ◽  
Literary Biography ◽  
Indian Women ◽  
The Status ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Literary Biographies

The article proposes to investigate the political and ideological uses of Hindi literary biography, with focus on two texts by Rāṅgey Rāghav, Loī kā tānā (“Loi’s Warp’’) and Ratnā kī bāt (“Ratna’s Speech”), based on lives of Kabir and Tulsīdās respectively. The relevance of Rāghav’s biographies goes beyond the merely literary and derives from the ideological and political functions played by these texts in the period they were written. Viewed by Rāghav as complementary works with a didactic and ideological value, they move away from the ‘brahmanical’ interpretations of the early modern Hindi poets by scholars of the 1920s and 1930s. To understand Rāghav’s motives and strategies, one needs to examine the ideological and political context in which he recast values linked to the main figures of the early modern devotional (bhakti) literature. As the 1950s witnessed debates on the status of Indian women and Dalit communities, the same becoming crucial to Hindi literary sphere, special attention needs to be paid to the representation, in Rāghav’s biographies, of Loī and Ratnā—Kabīr’s and Tulsīdās’ wives respectively—who embody some of the politically and ideologically progressive slogans which Rāghav projected on to these poets. The present work, based on recent studies on literary biography (Benton 2005, 2011, Middlebrook 2006, Miller 2001), is also an attempt to investigate some of the intellectual and ideological aporias which seem to have affected Hindi literary progressivism since the first decades of the postcolonial period.

National Socialism and Fascism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irving Hexham
Keyword(s):  
National Socialism ◽  
Nazi Party ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Italian Fascism ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The Press ◽  
Foreign Office ◽  
National Socialists ◽  
The 1950S

To appreciate that the various forms of fascism, particularly German National Socialism under Adolf Hitler’s Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP, National Socialist German Workers' Party commonly known as the Nazi Party; 1920–1945) and Italian Fascism under Benito Mussolini’s Partito Nazionale Fascista (PNF, National Fascist Party; 1922–1943), are embedded within modernism, one must first recognize that the reality and horror of the Holocaust has distorted our understanding of Nazism in three significant ways. First, until at least the early 1990s the crude anti-Semitism of National Socialists like Julius Streicher (1885–1946) and Johann van Leers (1902–1965) prevented scholars from taking seriously the notion that National Socialism is an ideology that intellectuals helped define. Secondly, because anti-Semitism did not obviously manifest itself among Italian modernists and fascists, it discouraged comparison. Thirdly, starting in the 1950s many surviving National Socialists, who were formerly passionate SS-intellectuals like Sigrid Hunke (1913–1999) (Poewe 2011) or like the head of the Press Division of Ribbentrop’s Foreign Office Paul Karl Schmidt (1911–1997) (Plöger 2009), among many others, reinvented themselves.

States Reorganization and Accommodation of Ethno-Territorial Cleavages in India

2019 ◽  
pp. 81-98
Author(s):  
Harihar Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
Political Stability ◽  
Political Context ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
State Autonomy ◽  
Institutional Responses ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Constitutional Changes ◽  
State Creation

This chapter examines how the so-called “states reorganization” during the 1950s and 1960s and its accommodation of ethno-territorial cleavages has made ethnic peace and political stability possible in multi-ethnic India. It first sketches the political context that led to state reorganization before discussing the process of constitutional engagement and the constitutional changes associated with the various reorganizations. In particular, it analyzes the nature of the state’s institutional responses to ethno-linguistic cleavages, taking into account the role played by the States Reorganization Commission. It also describes the outcome of these exercises and shows how “subnational autonomy” emerged as major incentives for the regional political elites. Finally, it outlines the comparative lessons that can be learned from India’s approach to progressive staging of state creation, focusing on the effects of ongoing neo-liberal reforms (post-1991) in the country that have posed newer challenges for state autonomy and future territorial changes.

Richter der eigenen Sache

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Materna
Keyword(s):  
Death Penalty ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
Death Sentence ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
The 1950S

The ‘re-Nazification’ of many professions after 1945 has been proven beyond doubt. In this book, the author addresses the question of how it was possible for National Socialist lawyers, who had often been involved in cases in which indefensible sentences were passed (including the death sentence), to not only be reinstated in their positions but also to even frequently pursue a career in the judicial system. What mechanisms and preconditions were decisive in this respect? What role did superior authorities play? Why did attempts to investigate this topic in the 1950s and 60s fail? Using the example of lawyers involved in cases at special courts in Bavaria in which the death penalty was administered, this study is the first to answer these and other questions accurately, in exact detail and using manifold sources.

scholarly journals All the world's a stage: How Irish immigrants negotiated life in England in the 1950s/1960s using Goffman's theory of impression management

2020 ◽  
pp. 079160352093980
Author(s):  
Angela Maye-Banbury
Keyword(s):  
Impression Management ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Revolving Door ◽  
New Host ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Irish Immigrants ◽  
Irish Immigration ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Back Stage ◽  
The Given

This paper uses oral history to consider the relative merits of symbolic interactionism in revealing new insights regarding the Irish immigration experience in England during the 1950s and 1960s. Using a variety of rubrics attributed to Canadian sociologist Erving Goffman, I critically examine the nature of identity work performed by Irish men and women when in their new host country. The paper highlights the interface between citizenship and sociocultural identity epitomised by both the use props (corporeal modifications) and the power of sign vehicles, notably Irish accents in shaping the nature of social interactions. The extent to which Goffman neglects sensory driven constructs of identity is highlighted. The way in Irish immigrants negotiated two simultaneous worlds front and back stage in response to the anticipated reaction of the given audience evokes the metaphor of a revolving door of identity fluid and chameleon like in nature. Actions were at times driven the anticipated reactions of others following presentation but then reclaimed elsewhere manifested by front and back stage behaviours. The Irish men and women worked inside and alongside systems of control where their identities were contested, ambiguous, or problematised to create a fluid sense of self (selves).

The Simultaneity of Compliance and Resistance (既顺从又抗爭：佛教、虛雲與五十年代的中共政权)

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-246
Author(s):  
Hung-yok Ip
Keyword(s):  
Political Context ◽  
The State ◽  
Spiritual Practice ◽  
Modern China ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
Chinese Buddhism ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Chinese Buddhists

To examine the history of Chinese Buddhism in the early Communist regime, I propose to study Xuyun (虛雲, 1840–1958), one of the pre-eminent monks in modern China. I will delineate the ways in which Xuyun brought his religion in line with Marxist politics. To help Buddhism secure a place in the early People’s Republic of China, he took part in the construction of a new Buddhism compatible with socialist ideology. However, I would venture to conceptualize as resistance some of Xuyun’s efforts to preserve Buddhism. This article examines his resistance at two levels. First, while working hard to prove the value of Buddhism to the state, Xuyun mounted what can be regarded as rightful resistance. When possible, he confronted policies and authorities that hurt the sangha, but did so without challenging the legitimacy of theccp. Second, in the 1950s, Xuyun strove to instruct Chinese Buddhists in self-cultivation. As he shared his experience and knowledge about spiritual practice with fellow Buddhists, he showed them, especially monastics, how to uphold Buddhist ideals in a political context marked by hostility towards religions.為了探究五十年代中共政權下的佛教歷史，本文探討現代中國最傑出的法師之一，虛雲法師 (1840–1958) 如何調整自己的宗教来適應馬克思主義政權。為了使佛教能夠在新中國成立之初生存，虛雲法師參與了構建與社會主義意識形態相適應的新佛教。但是，本文進一步嘗試把虛雲法師保存佛教的一些努力定義為抗爭，細究他在如下兩個方面的反抗：首先，在向國家證明佛教價值的同時，虛雲始終在正當性的名義下進行抗爭。在不挑戰中共政權合法性的前提下，他試圖抵抗對僧團不利的政策和政治權威。其次，虛雲法師在50年代堅持延續佛教、特别是禪宗的修行傳統。他希望佛門弟子，尤其是僧人，能在反宗教的政治氣候下繼續延續佛教的理念—这，對虛雲而言，是更重要的抗爭。

scholarly journals Retrospectives: The Coining of “Privatization” and Germany's National Socialist Party

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Germà Bel
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Socialist Party ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Peter Drucker

The concept of privatization attracted much attention in the late 1970s and early 1980s, as Margaret Thatcher's privatization policies were implemented in the United Kingdom. My goal here is not to comment on the merits of privatization as a policy, but rather to investigate the history of the term “privatization” in economics and to shed some light on the context in which the word was coined. Although the origin of the term is often attributed to a 1969 book by Peter Drucker, I will show that this attribution is incorrect, and that the terminology of privatization played an evolving role in German economic policy from the 1930s through the 1950s.

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