The Simultaneity of Compliance and Resistance (既顺从又抗爭：佛教、虛雲與五十年代的中共政权)

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-246
Author(s):  
Hung-yok Ip
Keyword(s):  
Political Context ◽  
The State ◽  
Spiritual Practice ◽  
Modern China ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
Chinese Buddhism ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Chinese Buddhists

To examine the history of Chinese Buddhism in the early Communist regime, I propose to study Xuyun (虛雲, 1840–1958), one of the pre-eminent monks in modern China. I will delineate the ways in which Xuyun brought his religion in line with Marxist politics. To help Buddhism secure a place in the early People’s Republic of China, he took part in the construction of a new Buddhism compatible with socialist ideology. However, I would venture to conceptualize as resistance some of Xuyun’s efforts to preserve Buddhism. This article examines his resistance at two levels. First, while working hard to prove the value of Buddhism to the state, Xuyun mounted what can be regarded as rightful resistance. When possible, he confronted policies and authorities that hurt the sangha, but did so without challenging the legitimacy of theccp. Second, in the 1950s, Xuyun strove to instruct Chinese Buddhists in self-cultivation. As he shared his experience and knowledge about spiritual practice with fellow Buddhists, he showed them, especially monastics, how to uphold Buddhist ideals in a political context marked by hostility towards religions.為了探究五十年代中共政權下的佛教歷史，本文探討現代中國最傑出的法師之一，虛雲法師 (1840–1958) 如何調整自己的宗教来適應馬克思主義政權。為了使佛教能夠在新中國成立之初生存，虛雲法師參與了構建與社會主義意識形態相適應的新佛教。但是，本文進一步嘗試把虛雲法師保存佛教的一些努力定義為抗爭，細究他在如下兩個方面的反抗：首先，在向國家證明佛教價值的同時，虛雲始終在正當性的名義下進行抗爭。在不挑戰中共政權合法性的前提下，他試圖抵抗對僧團不利的政策和政治權威。其次，虛雲法師在50年代堅持延續佛教、特别是禪宗的修行傳統。他希望佛門弟子，尤其是僧人，能在反宗教的政治氣候下繼續延續佛教的理念—这，對虛雲而言，是更重要的抗爭。

scholarly journals Practice of Running Dyeing & Weaving Weekly in the Republic of China and Dissemination of Science and Technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Bochong Zhao ◽  
Kehui Deng
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Modern China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Technology Dissemination ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic

Dyeing & Weaving Weekly (1935-1941) is a scientific and technological periodical which has been published for a long time and has never been interrupted in the field of textile in modern China. The journal publishes a large number of the latest achievements in textile science and technology, and is an important historical material and typical case for the study of modern science and technology dissemination. Rich in content, Dyeing & Weaving Weekly focuses on solving practical problems in the textile industry and guiding the direction of scientific research, which not only promotes the dissemination of textile science and technology but also contributes to the development of the textile industry. Therefore, from the perspective of science and technology communication and the history of newspapers and periodicals, this paper examines the practice and communication strategies of Dyeing & Textile Weekly, in order to prove that Dyeing & Textile Weekly has a positive impact on science and technology communication in modern China, and also provides experience reference for the development of contemporary science and technology periodicals in China, which has certain reference significance.

scholarly journals DISCRIMINATION, OPPORTUNITY, AND MIDDLE-CLASS SUCCESS IN EARLY COMMUNIST HUNGARY

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 499-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES MARK
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Oral History ◽  
Upward Mobility ◽  
The State ◽  
Central European ◽  
Communist State ◽  
Professional Success ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S

This article explores the middle-class response to life under the early Communist state in Hungary. It is based on an oral history of the Budapest bourgeoisie, and challenges some of the dominant indigenous representations of the central European middle class as persecuted victims who were forced into ‘internal exile’ by the Stalinist state. Despite being officially discriminated against as ‘former exploiters’, large numbers achieved educational and professional success. Their skills were increasingly needed in the rapid modernization of the 1950s, and the state provided them with semi-official opportunities to remake themselves into acceptable Communist citizens. Middle-class testimony revealed how individuals constructed politically appropriate public personas to ensure their own upward mobility; they hid aspects of their pasts, created ‘class conscious’ autobiographies, and learnt how to demonstrate sufficient political loyalty. The ways in which individuals dealt with integrating into a system which officially sought to exclude them and which many disliked ideologically is then examined. In order to ‘cope with success’, respondents in this project invented new stories about themselves to justify the compromises they had made to ensure their achievements. These narratives are analysed as evidence of specifically Communist middle-class identities.

Infrastructure in the Making: The Chao Phraya Dam and the Dance of Agency

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakkrit Sangkhamanee
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
The State ◽  
Water Infrastructure ◽  
History Of ◽  
Infrastructure Project ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
First World ◽  
Conflicting Goals

AbstractThe article explores the process behind the construction of the Chao Phraya Dam, the first World Bank-funded water infrastructure project in Thailand, developed during the 1950s. Employing Andrew Pickering's ‘dance of agency’ concept in examining the process of turning financial and technical assistance into a workable project, I argue that development infrastructure, like the Chao Phraya Dam, provides a space to explore the dialectic operations – accommodation and resistance – of agency and the unstable associations among diverse actors, expertise, institutions, and materials, as well as practices. Recounting the history of the dam in the making, I explore a series of entanglements through different dances of agency, namely initiation, assessment, mobilisation, negotiation, adjustment, confrontation, and settlement. Such a multiplicity of dancesinsideandin the makingof infrastructure reflects the techno-political entanglement encompassing the manifold negotiation and adjustment of conflicting goals, interests, recognition, and cooperation among different agencies. The dam, often portrayed as an engineering achievement of the state, is in fact the result of unanticipated relations and the responses to the temporal emerging forms of practices.

scholarly journals Political and socio-Economic Modernization of Modern China: The Dynamics of Ideological and Worldview Accents

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
S. А. Prosekov
Keyword(s):  
Mao Zedong ◽  
Modern China ◽  
Deng Xiaoping ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Chinese Characteristic ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Modernization ◽  
Opening Up

The article describes the history of the development of the economy and socio-political relations within the People’s Republic of China during the “reforms and opening up” since December 1978 The article gives a history of the progress of reforms before Xi Jinping came to power The paper examines each leader’s contribution from four generations of the country’s leaders in solving the problems of implementing economic and political reforms The author of the article describes the methods used by the leaders of the Celestial Empire to modernise the country to improve the wellbeing of the population and build “socialism with Chinese characteristic” The article provides a brief description of the achievements and failures in the process of leading the country by Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, and Hu Jintao.

scholarly journals Development of linguistic and political competences of Russian students studying Chinese: Cultural meanings of Chinese state Symbols

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-161
Author(s):  
Elena A. Nakhimova ◽  
Yu Sun
Keyword(s):  
Extracurricular Activities ◽  
The State ◽  
Modern China ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Cultural Meanings ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Independent States

The active development of cooperation between the friendly peoples of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China requires intensified training of specialists capable of ensuring intercultural communication between citizens of China, Russia and other Commonweath of Independent States members. In accordance with modern linguodidactics, the development of a foreign language should be linked with culture studies, which ensure the development of the linguistic and cultural competences. It is essential that Russian students fully understand cultural meanings of China’s state symbols. The paper proves the need to acquaint Russian students studying Chinese language and culture with the state symbols of the People’s Republic of China (flag, coat of arms and anthem) at the initial stage of training. It is important that Russian students fully understand the cultural meanings of the state symbols of modern China, the country that is proud of its history and looks boldly into the future. Didactic materials that can be used in the classroom on the topic “State Emblem of the People’s Republic of China”, as well as additional materials for educational or extracurricular activities are presented in the study. Comparable components of Chinese and Russian (Soviet) state symbols, their national and historical features are highlighted in the paper as confirmation of the prospects of using the comparative principle in the classroom with Russian students.

What is Behind Yinshun’s Re-statement of the Nature of the M?lamadhyamakak?rik?? Debates on the Creation of a New Mah?y?na in Twentieth-century China

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Travagnin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Chinese Buddhism ◽  
Textual Scholarship ◽  
Textual Study ◽  
Modern Chinese ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Chinese Buddhists ◽  
Contemporary Chinese

Yinshun (1906–2005) is regarded as one of the most eminent monks in twentieth-century Chinese Buddhism. Previous research has argued that Yinshun especially undertook the mission of writing new commentaries on Madhyamaka texts. His efforts provoked a revival of interest towards the Madhyamaka school among contemporary Chinese Buddhists, and a re-assessment of the position of the writings of N?g?rjuna within the history of Chinese Buddhism. This article focuses on Yinshun’s restatement of the nature of the M?lamadhyamakak?rik?, a text that has always been regarded as fundamental in the Madhyamaka/San-lun tradition in China. The first part analyzes Yinshun’s textual study of the M?lamadhyamakak?rik?, examining his approach to the text, and how he came to terms with previous Chinese traditional textual scholarship and canonical scriptures. The second part discusses Yinshun’s interpretation of the text by moving away from the micro-context of Chinese San-lun scholarship, and addressing the macro-context of the modern Chinese understanding of the Mah?y?na.

scholarly journals Traditions of the Soviet Academy of Art History in the theses of the Chinese students of I. E. Repin Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture at the turn of the 1950s – 1960s (based on the archival materials)

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-93
Author(s):  
Shujing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Art Education ◽  
Art History ◽  
Chinese Students ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
State Institute ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Soviet Academy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S

This article is dedicated to the relevant problem of art history, and determines the degree of impact of the traditions of the Soviet Academy of Art History upon the art education of the People's Republic of China. The fundamental role in this process is assigned to the Chinese students who studied in I. E. Repin Leningrad State Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture of the USSR Academy of Arts during the 1950s – 1960s, as well as their pedagogues and academic advisors. The article analyzes the stenographic materials of state attestation of the four Chinese students of the faculty of Theory and History of Art, who defended their theses in 1959 and 1960. The novelty of this research lies in the fact that the the materials of the Scientific Archive of the Russian Academy of Arts that were not previously used in scientific discourse, namely work with the stenographic materials of state attestation of the selected students, reveal certain peculiarities of art history and art education of the People's Republic of China, description of the tradition of the Soviet Academy of Art History and its impact upon the Chinese education at the turn of the 1950s – 1960s. The Chinese graduates of I. E. Repin Leningrad State Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture have later continued the traditions of the Soviet Academy of Art History, and laid the foundation for education of the future generations of specialists in the field of art. The conducted research determines several relevant trends of the Soviet School that influenced the development of Chinese art history.

scholarly journals Porcelain interior plastic of the 1950s in museums and private collections in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-67
Author(s):  
Yu Wang ◽  
◽  
Zhengding Liao ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Culture ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Folk Art ◽  
Art Museum ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Porcelain Production ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Private Collections

In the two decades since the establishment of the people’s Republic of China, the challenges facing porcelain production have changed significantly. Porcelain production is one of the most important and oldest traditions in China. In the 1950s, porcelain craftsmen became involved in the creation of new forms of interior plastics. Many of the pieces they created are now part of museum collections and represent the history of the development of Chinese interior porcelain. Using the example of three museums and three reference monuments, the article examines the key trends in the development of porcelain art and stylistic changes that occurred during this period. The following museums have been selected as examples to showcase the specifics of Chinese porcelain art from this period: the China Ceramic and Porcelain Museum located in Jingdezhen City, which is the country’s first major art museum specializing in ceramics; the Chinese Fine Arts Museum in Beijing, which specializes in collecting, researching and displaying works of Chinese artists of modern and contemporary eras; and the Guangdong Folk Art Museum, which specializes in collecting, researching and displaying Chinese folk art. All of these museums are engaged in collecting porcelain, including interior porcelain plastics from the mid-20th century. In the collections of the aforementioned museums, three works were selected for analysis. These are three paired compositions created in the second half of the 1950s: the sculpture “An Old Man and a Child with a Peach” by Zeng Longsheng, “Good Aunt from the Commune” by Zhou Guozhen and “Fifteen coins. The rat case” by Lin Hongxi. These porcelain compositions reveal close relations with Chinese national culture and not only reflect various scenes, but are also aimed at expanding the role of porcelain in decorating residential interiors.

Dr. Korbuly Pál, sudca Štátneho súdu v Bratislave

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
František Neupauer
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Life Story ◽  
The State ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
State Court ◽  
Political Regimes ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Law ◽  
Single Judge ◽  
Criminal Matters

The history of law indeed refers to persons handing down judgments and often offers interesting stories, such as the story of a judge working under various political regimes Dr. Pavel Korbuly (1906–1970). On May 4, 1934, Korbuly was appointed a single judge in criminal matters, after 1948 he became an instrument of justice under the communist regime and was one of the most active judges of the State Court in Bratislava. Prior to the Vienna Arbitration, he was a judge in the Czechoslovak Republic, then in Hungary, and after 1948 he was one of the judges who tried and sentenced victims of the communist regime (more than 500 people) in Slovakia. By the same communist regime, however, Korbuly was later prosecuted due to his active support of the anti-communist uprising in Hungary in 1956. Unlike others, he was one of the judges who had realized their responsibility for convicting the innocent and committed public repentance. From this perspective, his life story is unique in Central Europe as well as worldwide.

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