Labor

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Oxfeld
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Rice Cultivation ◽  
Cash Income ◽  
Fish Ponds ◽  
Agricultural Labor ◽  
Family Identity ◽  
Meal Preparation ◽  
Agricultural Employment ◽  
Domestic Food

This chapter examines the work of producing food and preparing meals in Moonshadow Pond. The gendered and generational configurations of agricultural labor changed profoundly from the Old Society through the collective era to the present. With the exodus of youth to non-agricultural employment, the future of agriculture in Moonshadow Pond is unclear. In addition to the production of food through rice cultivation and vegetable gardening, meal preparation is integral to the labor surrounding food in Moonshadow Pond. Thus, both agriculture and cooking are at the center of domestic food production and preparation. These need to be differentiated from production for the market — raising pigs, tending fish ponds, or growing citrus and other fruit trees, all of which are oriented toward earning cash income. Finally, just as cultivating rice (gengtian), is central to peasant identity, so too, cooking rice is at the center of family identity.

scholarly journals (A343) Rebuilding Post Conflict Food Security in Liberia

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. s96-s97
Author(s):  
T.W. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Food Storage ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Safe Food ◽  
Domestic Food

Liberia's 14 year civil war destroyed domestic agricultural production, veterinary and agricultural education, extension services and domestic food security. These losses severely limited domestic food production, and basic hygiene and sanitation: potable water, abattoirs, cold chain and food storage were greatly diminished. The average Liberian life expectancy fell from 45.8 in 1990 to 41.8 years presently. The population birth and death rate are two of the highest globally with a resulting population growth rate, of 2.7% per annum; this growth rate requires an immediate and concerted focus on domestic food production to alleviate nutritional inadequacy and hunger, trade imbalances and loss of foreign exchange credits. Food supply nationally is presumed adequate because of importation, though domestic production is inadequate. Unequal distribution precludes food security for all Liberians. Value chain augmentation, enhancing food availability across all sectors of Liberian society and ensuring distribution of a safe food supply needs critical development. Infant mortality remains one of the highest in the world (approximately 160/1000 births), much of which is attributed to food insecurity, food contamination and lack of uniformly available potable water. Recreation of Liberia's public health and food security requires redevelopment of disease monitoring and laboratory diagnostic capability to re-establish safe food production and handling practices across all sectors. This will allow determination of endemic disease burden for the principal livestock species: poultry, sheep, goats, cattle and swine. Creation of a national disease surveillance/monitoring system allows for targeted disease intervention, ensuring vaccination for correct serotypes and most critically prevalent diseases. Creation of community level training and support will target intervention of local diseases, but also allow for national prioritization of diseases. Targeting which are most prevalent or most likely to cause production limiting effects will require periodic surveillance, targeted vaccination, and chemotherapeutic intervention and evaluation of therapeutic success.

"What a Thing, then, is this Cow...": Positioning Domestic Livestock Animals in the Texts and Practices of Small-Scale "Self-Sufficiency"

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis Holloway
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
Domestic Food

AbstractThis paper focuses on the positioning of animals other than human in the texts and practices of two versions of small-scale food "self-sufficiency" in Britain. The paper discusses the writings of Cobbett (1822/1926, 1830/1985) and Seymour (1960s/1970s) on self-sufficiency, suggesting that livestock animals are central, in a number of ways, to the constitution of these modes of self-sufficiency. First, animals are situated in both the texts and in the practicing of self-sufficiency regarded as essential parts of the economies and ecologies of small-scale food production. Second, animals' parts in these authors' criticisms of wider social, economic and political conditions supplement their role in small-scale domestic food supply. Animals become associated with a morality of human behavior and lifestyle and are part of the broader social critiques that the writing and practicing of these modes of self-sufficiency imply. These historically and geographically specific versions of self-sufficiency are valuable in defining and enacting possible alternative modes of human-animal relation in the context of food production.

scholarly journals Assessment of food trade impacts on water, food, and land security in the MENA region

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 557-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Hyun Lee ◽  
Rabi H. Mohtar ◽  
Seung-Hwan Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
Food Trade ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Food Imports ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Domestic Food

Abstract. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has the largest water deficit in the world. It also has the least food self-sufficiency. Increasing food imports and decreasing domestic food production can contribute to water savings and hence to increased water security. However, increased domestic food production is a better way to achieve food security, even if irrigation demands an increase in accordance with projected climate changes. Accordingly, the trade-off between food security and the savings of water and land through food trade is considered to be a significant factor for resource management, especially in the MENA region. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the impact of food trade on food security and water–land savings in the MENA region. We concluded that the MENA region saved significant amounts of national water and land based on the import of four major crops, namely, barley, maize, rice, and wheat, within the period from 2000 to 2012, even if the food self-sufficiency is still at a low level. For example, Egypt imported 8.3 million t yr−1 of wheat that led to 7.5 billion m3 of irrigation water and 1.3 million ha of land savings. In addition, we estimated the virtual water trade (VWT) that refers to the trade of water embedded in food products and analyzed the structure of VWT in the MENA region using degree and eigenvector centralities. The study revealed that the MENA region focused more on increasing the volume of virtual water imported during the period 2006–2012, yet little attention was paid to the expansion of connections with country exporters based on the VWT network analysis.

The Role of Domestic Food Production in Everyday Life in Post-Soviet Ukraine

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 1197-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Round ◽  
Colin Williams ◽  
Peter Rodgers
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Domestic Food

The Height and Weight of West Point Cadets: Dietary Change in Antebellum America

1987 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 897-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Komlos
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Blue Collar ◽  
West Point ◽  
Agricultural Labor ◽  
Antebellum America ◽  
Blue Collar Workers ◽  
Antebellum Period ◽  
Industrial Labor

A decline in nutritional status is inferred from data on the height and weight of West Point cadets in the antebellum period. The decline was geographically widespread and affected farmers and blue-collar workers the most; middle-class cadets did not experience a decline in nutritional status until the Civil War. Nutritional status declined because meat output did not keep pace with population growth. Urbanization and the expansion of the industrial labor force increased the demand for food. However, the agricultural labor force grew at a slower pace, and productivity growth in food production was insufficient to redress the imbalance.

Enacting food sovereignty: values and meanings in the act of domestic food production in urban Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolette Larder ◽  
Kristen Lyons ◽  
Geoff Woolcock
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Food Sovereignty ◽  
Domestic Food

scholarly journals Combine Harvester: Impact on paddy production in Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Kamrul Hasan ◽  
Md Rostom Ali ◽  
Chayan Kumer Saha ◽  
Md Monjurul Alam ◽  
Md Enamul Haque
Keyword(s):  
Rural Community ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Agricultural Labor ◽  
Agricultural Production System ◽  
Combine Harvester ◽  
Climate Vulnerability ◽  
The Impact

Due to migration of agricultural labor in non-farm sectors and increasing climate vulnerability it is a great challenge to keep pace of food production for the exponential growth of population in Bangladesh. For following the traditional paddy harvesting methods, significant amount of field losses has been occurred in every year. The study was conducted to evaluate performance of combine harvester in comparison to manual harvesting of paddy and identify the impact on agricultural production system in Bangladesh. The experiment was conducted at Wazirpur Upazila of Barisal district during Aman-2018 paddy harvesting using a combine harvester and also, manual harvesting was conducted at the same location. Financial analysis of combine harvester over manual method was carried out for comparison. Cost savings in mechanical harvesting of paddy were found 57.61% for using combine harvester over manual harvesting. Similarly, labors savings for using combine harvester was found 70% over manual harvesting. The estimated BCR of combine harvester is found 1.55. The break-even use of combine harvester is 35 ha/yr which indicates a combine harvester must operate above 35 ha/yr to have profit. The combine harvester will run on fully profit basis if it could be used after that minimum hectares. The average total harvesting losses (including harvesting, threshing and cleaning) were also found 1.61% and 6.08% for using combine harvester and manual harvesting, respectively. The losses of paddy will be reduced 4.47% using combine harvester over manual harvesting. The above results revealed that manual harvesting is a labor and cost involving system. On the other hand, mechanical harvester like combine harvester is a time, labor and cost saving system along with reducing harvesting losses. As a result, total paddy production might be increased, and which will help to contribute significantly to the development of livelihood status of rural community of Bangladesh. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 17(4): 583–591, 2019

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