Black Student Unions to the Gang of Four

Organizations within the Black Power movement strategically deployed interracial alliances and community organizing across the country during the late 1960s, from Los Angeles to Newark, Chicago, and New York. This methodology is especially striking in the Black Student Unions (BSUs) founded in San Francisco and Seattle in 1966 and 1967, respectively. Indeed, this line of activism that originated with San Francisco’s BSU extended directly to Seattle. Careful study of the interracial alliances and community organization among these BSUs and other Black Power groups in this era challenge the dominant narrative of the movement, which characterizes Black Power as myopic, destructive, and a departure from the prosocial protests of the 1960s.

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Beauty and the Black Student Revolt

An Unseen Light ◽

10.5810/kentucky/9780813175515.003.0015 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Shirletta Kinchen

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

Black Women ◽

Black Student ◽

African American Students ◽

Black Power ◽

Black Power Movement ◽

American Students ◽

1960S And 1970S ◽

The 1960S ◽

Student Protest Movement

At the height of the Black Power movement, African American students, especially those attending predominantly white colleges and universities, demanded access to and inclusion in their institutions’ resources. Their demands included Black Studies and Black History programs, the end of racist practices by faculty and administrators, and more culturally sensitive programs that reflected their lived experiences. This essay examines how the Black Power movement sought to redefine the beauty aesthetic by exploring how African American students at Memphis State University in the late 1960s and early 1970s politicized the campus positions traditionally reserved for white students. In 1970 Maybelline Forbes was elected the first black homecoming queen at Memphis State. As athletic teams began to integrate during the 1960s and 1970s, black women struggled to penetrate the membership ranks of cheerleading squads, serve as homecoming queens, and join other spaces that excluded them. This essay demonstrates how these positions became contested spaces for the larger black student protest movement, thus offering a different perspective on how black activists engaged in protest on college campuses in the Black Power era.

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Biracial Coalition Politics in Los Angeles

Political Science and Politics ◽

10.1017/s104909650001814x ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 19 (03) ◽

pp. 582-590 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Raphe Sonenshein

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Los Angeles ◽

San Francisco ◽

Relative Size ◽

Political Life ◽

Bay Area ◽

Coalition Politics ◽

Racial Polarization ◽

The 1960S ◽

Joint Membership

In their 1984 bookProtest Is Not EnoughBrowning, Marshall, and Tabb suggest that biracial coalitions are powerful vehicles for achieving minority incorporation in the political life of cities. They argue that black electoral mobilization and subsequent incorporation depend on both the relative size of the black community and white support. Similarly, Hispanic incorporation is a function not only of the percentage of Hispanics in the population but also joint membership with blacks in a liberal coalition (pp. 245–246).Their optimistic view of biracial and multiracial coalitions contrasts strikingly with the more common pessimism about cross-racial politics. Racial polarization in such major cities as New York, Chicago and Philadelphia (as well as in a number of medium and smaller-sized cities) has fed the belief that the black protests and white backlash of the 1960s have doomed biracial politics.Protest Is Not Enoughfocuses on ten small and medium-sized Northern California cities. The largest, San Francisco, is the 16th most populous city in the U.S. But biracial coalition politics has been most advanced in Berkeley, a city of only 103,328 in 1980. Thus the book's argument is vulnerable to the challenge that full-blown biracial politics worked only in a rather small, unusual city and otherwise had a significant impact in cities of only moderate size in the traditionally liberal Bay Area.

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Hollywood

Los Romeros ◽

10.5622/illinois/9780252041907.003.0007 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 94-114

Author(s):

Walter Aaron Clark

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Los Angeles ◽

San Francisco ◽

Military Service ◽

The 1960S ◽

The U.S

The Romeros moved to Hollywood in 1958, where they established a studio for teaching guitar. Starting in 1960, the quartet performed in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, and New York, and was making recordings on the Contemporary and Mercury labels. The guitar had become the dominant instrument of that period, and there was a ready market for a quartet of Spaniards playing classical and flamenco favorites. They were soon touring throughout the U.S., in cities large and small. The highlight of the 1960s was their appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show, in 1967, a decade after their arrival in California and the year in which they became U.S. citizens. This was also the year in which they premiered Joaquín Rodrigo’s Concierto andaluz, written for the quartet. Pepe and Angel were deemed unsuited for military service and not drafted.

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The “Japanese Turn” in Fine Dining in the United States, 1980–2020

Gastronomica The Journal of Food and Culture ◽

10.1525/gfc.2020.20.2.45 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 45-54

Author(s):

Samuel H. Yamashita

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

New York ◽

Los Angeles ◽

San Francisco ◽

San Francisco Bay Area ◽

The United States ◽

First Century ◽

Further Training ◽

Bay Area ◽

Wide Acceptance

In the 1970s, Japanese cooks began to appear in the kitchens of nouvelle cuisine chefs in France for further training, with scores more arriving in the next decades. Paul Bocuse, Alain Chapel, Joël Robuchon, and other leading French chefs started visiting Japan to teach, cook, and sample Japanese cuisine, and ten of them eventually opened restaurants there. In the 1980s and 1990s, these chefs' frequent visits to Japan and the steady flow of Japanese stagiaires to French restaurants in Europe and the United States encouraged a series of changes that I am calling the “Japanese turn,” which found chefs at fine-dining establishments in Los Angeles, New York City, and later the San Francisco Bay Area using an ever-widening array of Japanese ingredients, employing Japanese culinary techniques, and adding Japanese dishes to their menus. By the second decade of the twenty-first century, the wide acceptance of not only Japanese ingredients and techniques but also concepts like umami (savory tastiness) and shun (seasonality) suggest that Japanese cuisine is now well known to many American chefs.

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214 Longitudinal Changes in Sleep Duration, Timing, Variability, and Stages during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Large-Scale Fitbit Data

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsab072.213 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. A86-A86

Author(s):

Michael Grandner ◽

Naghmeh Rezaei

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Los Angeles ◽

San Francisco ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Large Scale ◽

Age Groups ◽

Population Level ◽

Sleep Stages ◽

Longitudinal Changes ◽

Timing Variability

Abstract Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in societal-level changes to sleep and other behavioral patterns. Objective, longitudinal data would allow for a greater understanding of sleep-related changes at the population level. Methods N= 163,524 deidentified active Fitbit users from 6 major US cities contributed data, representing areas particularly hard-hit by the pandemic (Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, and Miami). Sleep variables extracted include nightly and weekly mean sleep duration and bedtime, variability (standard deviation) of sleep duration and bedtime, and estimated arousals and sleep stages. Deviation from similar timeframes in 2019 were examined. All analyses were performed in Python. Results These data detail how sleep duration and timing changed longitudinally, stratified by age group and gender, relative to previous years’ data. Overall, 2020 represented a significant departure for all age groups and both men and women (P<0.00001). Mean sleep duration increased in nearly all groups (P<0.00001) by 5-11 minutes, compared to a mean decrease of 5-8 minutes seen over the same period in 2019. Categorically, sleep duration increased for some and decreased for others, but more extended than restricted. Sleep phase shifted later for nearly all groups (p<0.00001). Categorically, bedtime was delayed for some and advanced for others, though more delayed than advanced. Duration and bedtime variability decreased, owing largely to decreased weekday-weekend differences. WASO increased, REM% increased, and Deep% decreased. Additional analyses show stratified, longitudinal changes to sleep duration and timing mean and variability distributions by month, as well as effect sizes and correlations to other outcomes. Conclusion The pandemic was associated with increased sleep duration on average, in contrast to 2019 when sleep decreased. The increase was most profound among younger adults, especially women. The youngest adults also experienced the greatest bedtime delay, in line with extensive school-start-times and chronotype data. When given the opportunity, the difference between weekdays and weekends became smaller, with occupational implications. Sleep staging data showed that slightly extending sleep minimally impacted deep sleep but resulted in a proportional increase in REM. Wakefulness during the night also increased, suggesting increased arousal despite greater sleep duration. Support (if any) This research was supported by Fitbit, Inc.

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Глобальные города: многокритериальная оценка устойчивого развития

Биосфера ◽

10.24855/biosfera.v11i1.470 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

И.А. Шмелева ◽

С.Э. Шмелев

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Los Angeles ◽

San Francisco ◽

Smart City ◽

Carbon Tax ◽

Waste Recycling ◽

Global Cities ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Strategic Direction ◽

And Performance

A new strategic direction for greening our cities and making them smart to reduce the environmental impact of their performance, increase employment and economic viability and to enhance the quality of life requires a thorough assessment of sustainability and smart urban performance. The research presented in this paper is based on data on 143 global cities including London, New York, Hong Kong, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Sao Paolo, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, Paris, Berlin, Stockholm, Moscow, Beijing, Seoul, Singapore, Shanghai, Sydney and Tokyo. Exploring linkages between different sustainability and smart city dimensions, this study applied a multi-criteria approach using a panel of 20 indicators to assess urban sustainability performance of global cities. The assessment focused on the drivers of CO2 emissions in cities, including important aspects of energy transitions, the share of coal in the energy mix and renewable energy, public transport, cycling patterns and pedestrianization, waste recycling as well as carbon tax. The results show that San Francisco leads in economic and environmental priorities, and Stockholm leads insocial and smart city priorities. Seoul consistently performs very successfully across the whole spectrum of indicators. We devote considerable attention to the strategies, policies and performance of the leading cities, namely, San Francisco, Stockholm and Seoul. This assessment could be a valuable tool for policy-makers and investors, and could help identify linkages between different sustainability dimensions, as well as sustainable development potential and investment opportunities in cities.

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Abstract MP38: Longitudinal Population-Level Changes In Resting Heart Rate During The COVID-19 Pandemic: Impact Of Changes In Sleep, Circadian, And Physical Activity Variables

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.143.suppl_1.mp38 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Naghmeh Rezaei ◽

Michael A Grandner

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Los Angeles ◽

Health Behaviors ◽

San Francisco ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Age Groups ◽

Population Level ◽

Sleep Stages ◽

Resting Heart Rate

Introduction: Population-level objective estimates of changes in health metrics over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic are sparse. This study evaluated change in resting heart rate (RHR) determined by optical plethysmography and relationships to changes in other lifestyle health behaviors (sleep and activity). Methods: Data were obtained from N=197,988 Fitbit users who wore their heart-rate enabled Fitbit device to sleep and had detected sleep stages at least 10 days in the month of January, the baseline period; and synced their devices at least once in the last 10 days of April. In addition, potential participants needed to reside in one of 6 target cities: Chicago, Illinois; Houston, Texas; Los Angeles, California; San Francisco, California; New York City, New York; and Miami, Florida. Users who met these criteria were randomly selected. Daily RHR, sleep duration (minutes), sleep duration variability (standard deviation), bedtime, step count, and active minutes were estimated by the device. Differences between January (before the pandemic) and April (peak of stay-at-home orders) was computed. Correlations between change in RHR and change in other variables were evaluated, stratified by age and sex. Results: For all age groups, in both men and women, mean RHR declined from January to April by about 1bpm, with the highest reductions in the youngest adults (all p<1x10 -100 ). In general, across both genders and all age groups, reductions in RHR were correlated with greater sleep duration, delaying bedtime, reduced sleep variability, and more active minutes. Steps were also associated in younger (but not older) adults. Results for ages 18-29 and >=65 are displayed in the Table. Discussion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, RHR decreased robustly but very slightly. Reductions in RHR were correlated with improvements in other health behaviors (sleep and activity). Causal relationships could not be evaluated, but future studies may explore whether even small changes in health behaviors can measurably impact population RHR.

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Hopps, Walter (1932–2005)

Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism ◽

10.4324/9781135000356-rem832-1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Ken D. Allan

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Los Angeles ◽

American Art ◽

The United States ◽

Art Museum ◽

Pop Art ◽

Marcel Duchamp ◽

Robert Rauschenberg ◽

The 1960S ◽

Joseph Cornell

Walter Hopps was an American art dealer and curator of modern and contemporary art. Best known for organizing the first museum retrospective of Marcel Duchamp in 1963 at the Pasadena Art Museum (now the Norton Simon), Hopps was a pioneering example of the independent, creative curator, a model that emerged in the 1960s in the United States From his start as an organizer of unconventional shows of California painters on the cultural fringe of conservative Cold War-era Los Angeles, Hopps became one of the most respected, if unorthodox, curators of his generation, holding a dual appointment at the end of his life as 20th-century curator at Houston’s Menil Collection and adjunct senior curator at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York. Some of his noted exhibitions include: in Pasadena, a 1962 group show that helped to define pop art, The New Paintings of Common Objects; the first U retrospectives of Kurt Schwitters (1962) and Joseph Cornell (1967); Robert Rauschenberg retrospectives in 1976 and 1997 at the National Museum of American Art and Menil Collection, respectively; a 1996 survey of Edward Kienholz for The Whitney Museum of American Art; and a James Rosenquist retrospective in 2002 at the Guggenheim.

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