Проблемы актуализации земледельческих практик в Ямало-Ненецком автономном округе

Agricultural practices in agrocenoses of different ages and in fallow lands of Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Region of the Russian Federation were studied with account for post-agrogenic transformations of soils under cryogenic conditions. Agricultural practices in the YNAR are much consistent with those in Finnish Lapland, Southern Greenland, and remote fishing villages in Alaska. Well-drained areas with sandy, light and medium loamy, sod-meadow or sod-podzolic soils, which are easily warmed and not floating in cases of heavy rainfall, are selected for gardens and fields. The depth of permafrost is reduced in plowed areas and depends on the age of their development. The content of available forms of phosphorus and potassium in the upper layer of fallow soils remains very high even through 5-20 years. The use of agricultural techniques, including mulching, drainage, and application of manure and compost derived from fish, increases soil fertility. Currently, agriculture in YNAR decays for such reasons as remoteness (logistics problems), dependence on weather conditions, difficulties in field cultivation, lack of market for agricultural products, and limited choice of products due to natural conditions and the specifics of the agricultural industry. The small indigenous peoples and the landscapes of the North are inseparable and may be sustainable only based on the traditional ways of life harmonized with the natural and social environments.

ОЦЕНКА УРОВНЯ ОЗЕЛЕНЕНИЯ ГОРОДА БИРОБИДЖАНА С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ МУЛЬТИСПЕКТРАЛЬНЫХ ДАННЫХ

The urban greenness distribution between functional areas of a medium-size city Birobidzhan was assessed. To this end, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values were calculated based on Sentinel 2 multispectral imaging. Birobidzhan is characterized by a large scatter of NDVI values (from –0.5 to +1). Areas with high levels of greenery are prevalent. They are found in different types of functional zones, but are specific mainly to natural recreational, agricultural, and individual build-up zones as well as to special areas. The spatial distribution of green infrastructure is highly contrast. The downtown part as well as the industrial and storage zones feature a combination of built-up areas with dense woody vegetation, which is often represented by fragments of preserved natural vegetation. In addition, a feature of the contrast is that low level of tree greenness is characteristic for the built-up districts of the city. Thus, in the city of Birobidzhan, ecological functions are largely performed by the natural vegetation present in the natural recreational zones on 70% of the city's area.

ЛЕТНЕЕ ПИТАНИЕ СИВУЧА В ВОДАХ ДАЛЬНЕГО ВОСТОКА РОССИИ В 2004–2008 ГОДАХ

The diet of Steller sea lion Eumetopias jubatus was studied based on undigested food parts found in feces collected in the summer season on 20 rookeries in the Russian Far East. A total of 915 samples were analyzed between 2004 and 2008, in which 65 food items were identified. The frequency of occurrence of 11 diet items was greater than 5%, including Atka mackerel Pleurogrammus monopterygius (64.8%), Pollock Theragra chalcogramma (44.3%), Pacific salmon Salmonidae (20.5%), Irish lord Hemilepidotus sp. (20.4%), Pacific sand lance Ammodytes hexapterus (15.8%), Pacific herring Clupea pallasi (9.5%), Squid and Octopus Cephalopoda (8.4%), Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus (5, 9%), Pacific sandfish Trichodon trichodon (5.9%), Flatfishes Pleuronectidae (5.8%), Threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculaeatus (4.9%). Three regions with different diets were identified – the Sea of Okhotsk, the Kuril Islands, and Kamchatka with the Commander Islands. In the Sea of Okhotsk, Pollock and Herring (83.6% by frequency of occurrence) dominated among undigested food remains in feces. The diet at the Kuril Islands rookeries was variable within the region. The general pattern was a low diversity of diet at each Kuril Island sites and predominance of 1-3 food items, probably the most accessible near the sites (Pollock, Squid and Octopus, Atka mackerel, Pacific salmon). The diet pattern in Kamchatka and the Commander Islands in the summer season was characterized by a high diet diversity. In contrast to other regions, the diet includes in high proportion small non-commercial species – Sand lance, Irish lord, Pacific sandfish, Flatfishes, Threespine stickleback and others. The regional patterns of sea lion diets show the spatial distribution and areas of abundant biomass of the main food items. The diet patterns of sea lions from rookeries differed from haulouts in having a higher content of abundant food items. Long-term changes in diet structure were not statistically significant.

ЭКОЛОГО-ФИТОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЦВЕТКОВ БУЗИНЫ ЧЕРНОЙ SAMBUCUS NIGRA L. В УСЛОВИЯХ УРБАНИЗИРОВАННОЙ СРЕДЫ

The impacts of the urbanized environment of Donetsk region on the contents of biologically active substances and heavy metals in black elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) flowers and on the total antioxidant activity of their preparations were evaluated. The contents of lead, cadmium and mercury in all samples studied were within the tolerable limits specified for herbal medicinal raw products. The accumulation coefficients of lead and cadmium were found to decrease with increasing soil levels of these toxicants, whereas the level of mercury did not depend on the degree of soil pollution. The contents of active substances in all samples collected in Donbas conform to the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation. In fact, the contents of carotenoids, flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids are increased in S. nigra flowers collected in urbanized areas; however, the contents of other phenolic substances (anthocyanins and tannins) are decreased. The contents of ascorbic and free organic acids are highest under moderately urbanized conditions, so as the antioxidant activity of S. nigra flower preparations is. The results suggest that prospects for the pharmaceutical use of S. nigra flowers collected in urbanized areas of Donbas are promising.

КОМПЛЕКСНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ СОСТОЯНИЯ РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ СОЦИО-ЭКОЛОГО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ)

In order to assess the state of affairs in a region with account for the economic, socio-demographic and environmental aspects, to find out the causes of backwardness, and to work out ameliorating measures, it is reasonable to regard each administrative-territorial unit (ATU) as an integral socio-environmentally-economic system (SEES). ATUs in the Nizhegorodskaya Oblast were chosen to evaluate the suggested approach to integral analysis of SEES conditions and developmental degree. The approach implies calculating the values of the generalized desirability function (GDF) and their assessment using principal components and SWOT analyses. The calculated GDF values for the years 2016–2018 made it possible to distinguish leaders and outsiders among ATUs. Among all ATUs, 78% fall into the two lower classes of GDF gradation, which means that conditions are poor there. The results were confirmed by statistical analysis and were interpreted analytically using SWOT analysis. The suggested methodology makes it possible to distinguish “pain spots” and “points of increase” and correct decision making aimed to promote sustainable development at a regional level.

Из истории математической экологии: рецензия на книгу Бакаэр Н. Краткая история математической динамики населения / Ред. перевода: В.А. Вольперт, Д.М. Эдиев. Париж, 2021. 190 с.

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К СТОДЕСЯТИЛЕТИЮ ПРОФЕССОРА В.И. РОЗЕНГАРТА – РОДОНАЧАЛЬНИКА СРАВНИТЕЛЬНОЙ БИОХИМИИ ФОСФОРОРГАНИЧЕСКИХ ИНГИБИТОРОВ ХОЛИНЭСТЕРАЗ

The main stages of the life and scientific biography of Professor Viktor Iosifovich Rozengart, one of the founders of Russian neurochemistry and comparative biochemistry of toxic organophosphorus compounds, are presented.

ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА ОЦЕНКИ КАЧЕСТВА ЖИЗНИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ РОССИИ НА ТЕКУЩЕМ ВЕКОВОМ ИНТЕРВАЛЕ

The objective of the present work is to develop and evaluate workable models for assessing population life quality (PLQ) in Russia based on the statistical theory of pattern recognition. To this end, the following tasks have been done: 1) developing of an alphabet of classes, which is algorithmically associated with the space of classification characteristics of PQL and gradations thereof (description of classes using characteristics vocabulary); 2) selecting of representative characteristics for assessing PLQ in Russia; 3) formulating and implementing of a series of workable statistical models for assessing PLQ in Russia (construction of recognition algorithms); 4) determining of PLQ classes at different stages of the foreign-policy and domestic socioeconomic development of Russia; and 5) developing of an algorithm for choosing an optimal criterion for PQL estimation out of a range of such criteria and for ranking the criteria according to their practical suitability. The suggested algorithm for PLQ recognition system includes training and recognition subsystems using various pattern recognition criteria: arithmetic mean, geometric mean, weighted mean for mortality factors and weighted mean for significance of life quality parameters. An algorithm for optimal selection of PLQ recognition criteria is proposed. To implement the selection of PLQ, a range of data reflecting the socioeconomic and environmental monitoring of the Russian Empire, the USSR and the Russian Federation in 1910 through 2015 were used. It is shown that the representative characteristics of PLQ in Russia differ from those adopted in the Human Development Index, i.e. life expectancy at birth, per capita gross national income, and expected years of schooling and average years of schooling. The PLQ characteristics representative for Russia are the levels of nutrition and health care and of the pollution of freshwater reservoirs and watercourses. The PLQ assessment algorithms using the weighted mean across the significance of life quality parameters and the weighted mean across the main factors of population mortality proved to be optimal. Apparently, the proposed methodology for assessing PLQ must be applicable to all member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States that emerged after the collapse of the USSR.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ АТОМНОЙ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ В ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИИ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЙ И ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ РОССИИ

Large-scale nuclear energetics can satisfy demands for all kinds of energy, i.e. it can secure energy safety of Russia and the whole humankind; however, this is associated with a number of daunting problems. With that, this approach is a priority for Russia. The State Corporation RosAtom is involved in the development of nuclear reactors in Russia and abroad on the conditions that the reactors will be supplied with nuclear fuel from Russia and the spent fuel will be returned to Russia for conversion into mixed uranium and plutonium oxide (MOX) fuel. In the city Zheleznogorsk near Krasnoyarsk, the first production line of a plant for treating 2000 tons of spent nuclear fuel annually has been already launched. The principal strategic plan of RosAtom, which has been being realized currently, is to develop nuclear power production based on fuel recycling using fast neutron reactors for generation of plutonium, which may be used in nuclear weapons and is most hazardous for the biosphere. The possibility of accidents associated with radioactive discharges cannot be excluded, and the hazardousness of such accidents in increased by using plutonium-based fuels. The nuclear power-based approach to energy production is costly but also dangerous not only for Russia.

ТЕХНОГЕНЕЗ И СТРУКТУРНО-ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ РЕАКЦИИ ДРЕВЕСНЫХ ВИДОВ: ПОВРЕЖДЕНИЯ, АДАПТАЦИИ, СТРАТЕГИИ. ЧАСТЬ 2. ВЛИЯНИЕ НА ФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ФУНКЦИИ.

The present publication is the first of four reviews of reports that have been published over the last 20 years to address the responses of arboreal plants at different hierarchical levels of their organization to anthropogenic factors. The publication covers the effects of different kinds of industrial pollution on macro- and micromorphology of broad and acerose leaves. The specific and nonspecific responses of arboreal plants to the same factor or to different factors, including smokes and toxicants, are differentiated. The adaptive responses within a single leaf or needle may be relatively independent from each other despite the integrity of these plant organs. The causes of such diverse reactions, which ensure the adaptive potential of plants, are discussed with account for the multiplicity of biological functions required for maintaining plant tolerance to anthropogenic impacts.