From Eugenics to Lysenkoism: The Evolution of Stanisław Skowron

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Dejong-Lambert
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Rockefeller Foundation ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Faculty Members ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
World War ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
The Relationship

This article describes the relationship between Polish geneticist Stanisław Skowron's views on eugenics during the interwar period, his experiences in Nazi concentration camps during World War II, and his response to Trofim D. Lysenko's ban on genetic research in Soviet-allied states after 1948. Skowron was educated at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow and received funding from the Rockefeller Foundation to study in the United States, Italy, Denmark, and Great Britain from 1924 to 1926. His exposure to research being conducted outside of Poland made him an important figure in Polish genetics. During this time Skowron also began to believe that an understanding of biological principles of heredity could play an important role in improving Polish society and became a supporter of eugenics. In 1939 he was arrested along with other faculty members at the Jagiellonian and sent to Sachsenhausen and Dachau. In 1947 he published the first book updating Polish biologists on recent developments in genetics; however, after learning of the outcome of the 1948 session of the Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Moscow, Skowron emerged as one of the most vocal advocates for Michurinism. I argue that Skowron's conversion to Lysenkoism was motivated by more than fear or opportunism, and is better understood as the product of his need to rationalize his own support for a theory he could not possibly have believed was correct.

Confluencia geopolítica entre Cárdenas y Roosevelt:

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-254
Author(s):  
Andreu Espasa
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
New Deal ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Alliance ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The New Deal

De forma un tanto paradójica, a finales de los años treinta, las relaciones entre México y Estados Unidos sufrieron uno de los momentos de máxima tensión, para pasar, a continuación, a experimentar una notable mejoría, alcanzando el cénit en la alianza política y militar sellada durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. El episodio catalizador de la tensión y posterior reconciliación fue, sin duda, el conflicto diplomático planteado tras la nacionalización petrolera de 1938. De entre los factores que propiciaron la solución pacífica y negociada al conflicto petrolero, el presente artículo se centra en analizar dos fenómenos del momento. En primer lugar, siguiendo un orden de relevancia, se examina el papel que tuvo la Guerra Civil Española. Aunque las posturas de ambos gobiernos ante el conflicto español fueron sustancialmente distintas, las interpretaciones y las lecciones sobre sus posibles consecuencias permitieron un mayor entendimiento entre los dos países vecinos. En segundo lugar, también se analizarán las afinidades ideológicas entre el New Deal y el cardenismo en el contexto de la crisis mundial económica y política de los años treinta, con el fin de entender su papel lubricante en las relaciones bilaterales de la época. Somewhat paradoxically, at the end of the 1930s, the relationship between Mexico and the United States experienced one of its tensest moments, after which it dramatically improved, reaching its zenith in the political and military alliance cemented during World War II. The catalyst for this tension and subsequent reconciliation was, without doubt, the diplomatic conflict that arose after the oil nationalization of 1938. Of the various factors that led to a peaceful negotiated solution to the oil conflict, this article focuses on analyzing two phenomena. Firstly—in order of importance—this article examines the role that the Spanish Civil War played. Although the positions of both governments in relation to the Spanish war were significantly different, the interpretations and lessons concerning potential consequences enabled a greater understanding between the two neighboring countries. Secondly, this article also analyzes the ideological affinities between the New Deal and Cardenismo in the context of the global economic and political crisis of the thirties, seeking to understand their role in facilitating bilateral relations during that period.

Sanabria, Tomás José (1922–2008)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviana D’Auria
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Civic Culture ◽  
World War ◽  
Environmental Features ◽  
Functionalist Approach ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Martin Wagner ◽  
Walter Gropius

Sanabria is a representative figure of the second generation of 20th-century Venezuelan architects. He studied in the United States of America after World War II and had a rigorous functionalist orientation, paying attention to natural conditions, environmental features, the relationship between architecture and geography, the influence of architecture in civic culture, structural and technological expressiveness, and the links between architecture, art, and the urban scale. After graduating as an engineer (1941–1945) from the Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV), he embraced a functionalist approach during his studies (1945–1947) at the Harvard Graduate School of Design in Cambridge, Massachusetts. At Harvard Walter Gropius, Martin Wagner, Ieoh Ming Pei, Hugh Stubbins, and Marcel Breuer were among his professors. He returned to Venezuela in 1947 and worked as professor of Architecture for Engineers at the UCV’s School of Engineering. By 1948 he was director of the Department of Architectural Composition at the School of Architecture in the Faculty of Engineering. In 1954 he became the first director of the School of Architecture in the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, founded that year.

Contemporary Fascism’s de-Judified Homo Sacer

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Hong Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Race And Racism ◽  
Institutional Practices ◽  
Critical Scholarship ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Relationship

This article argues that representations in popular culture of the Holocaust of World War II are being used to reframe issues of racism in the United States. It critically examines three major discourse formations: contemporary Western thought on fascism, critical scholarship on the US collective memory of the Holocaust, and popular culture’s use of the Holocaust for racial instruction. The Americanization and de-Judification of the Holocaust shows how fascist racism is constructed through institutional discourses and practices and functions as an archetype for understanding race and racism in the United States. Exploring the emergence of Holocaust references in US public culture following Barack Obama’s election, this article proposes that the analogy gains its efficacy because the Americanization of the Holocaust articulates the relationship between institutional practices and race for racist whites.

In Defense of Justice

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen H. Tamura
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Japanese Americans ◽  
Japanese American ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

As a leading dissident in the World War II concentration camps for Japanese Americans, Joseph Yoshisuke Kurihara stands out as an icon of Japanese American resistance. In this biography, Kurihara's life provides a window into the history of Japanese Americans during the first half of the twentieth century. Born in Hawaiʻi to Japanese parents who immigrated to work on the sugar plantations, Kurihara was transformed by the forced removal and incarceration of ethnic Japanese during World War II. As an inmate at Manzanar in California, Kurihara became one of the leaders of a dissident group within the camp and was implicated in “the Manzanar incident,” a serious civil disturbance that erupted on December 6, 1942. In 1945, after three years and seven months of incarceration, he renounced his U.S. citizenship and boarded a ship for Japan, never to return to the United States. Shedding light on the turmoil within the camps as well as the sensitive and formerly unspoken issue of citizenship renunciation among Japanese Americans, this book explores one man's struggles with the complexities of loyalty and dissent.

Lice in War and Peace

2021 ◽  
pp. 125-140
Author(s):  
Robert N. Wiedenmann ◽  
J. Ray Fisher
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
The United States ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Human History ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
World War ◽  
Warsaw Ghetto ◽  
Post War

This chapter considers human lice, which have been parasites of humans throughout all human history and transmit a deadly bacteria that has killed millions. Analyzing lice genetics tells of divergence of humans from other apes and when humans began to wear clothing. Human body lice live in clothing and infest people only to feed. Lice spread easily among people in crowded situations and transmit bacteria causing diseases, such as typhus. The chapter relates how lice-transmitted typhus caused jail fever in early England, resulting in the deaths of more prisoners than the death penalty. Lice and typhus worsened the Irish Great Famine, as the disease killed thousands of Irish emigrating to the United States on “coffin ships.” Epidemics of typhus were prevalent in wartime, killing troops in both World War I and World War II as well as civilians in Nazi concentration camps and the Warsaw Ghetto during World War II and immediately after. Post-war use of DDT averted typhus epidemics in Europe and Japan.

Is There an Oil Weapon?: Security Implications of Changes in the Structure of the International Oil Market

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Llewelyn Hughes ◽  
Austin Long
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Instruments ◽  
World War ◽  
Market Segments ◽  
Oil Market ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Maritime Environment

What is the relationship between oil and coercion? For decades states have worried that their dependence on oil gives producers a potential lever of coercion. The size, integration, and sophistication of the current oil market, however, are thought to have greatly attenuated, if not eliminated, the coercive potential of oil. The best way to analyze the current global oil market is by viewing it as a series of distinct market segments, from upstream production to midstream transport to downstream refining, with the potential for coercion varying across them. Oil-producing states do not have the greatest coercive potential in the international oil market. Instead, the United States remains the dominant presence, though its dominance has shifted from production—where it resided prior to World War II—to the maritime environment. These findings are significant for scholars’ and policymakers’ understanding of the relationship between oil and coercion. More generally, they suggest that studies of the potential for states to coerce others using economic instruments should take into account differences in the structure of markets for different goods.

The Distribution of Power and the Inflation-Unemployment Relationship in the United States: A Post-Keynesian Approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Vera
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Phillips Curve ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
World War ◽  
Keynesian Model ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Rate Form ◽  
Distribution Of Power ◽  
The Relationship

This paper presents a theoretical explanation for the enigmatic discontinuity of the relationship between inflation and unemployment that has registered the U.S. economy since the early 1950s onwards. I argue that by distinguishing between two different historical episodes after World War II, the Golden Age and the Age of Decline, some insights in the Phillips curve puzzle can be gained and the analysis helps us to substantiate the existence of both downward sloping and upward sloping species of the curve. The regime change is illustrated here by building on a commonly used Post-Keynesian model of distribution and growth, which is enhanced to allow for an inflation process based on a conflicting claims approach and a growth rate form of Okun’s law. The model shows that the long-run Phillips curve can be either downward-sloping or upward-sloping, conditioned to the distribution of market power between business and labor.

Refugees from Abroad and at Home

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan W. Austin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Japanese Americans ◽  
Japanese American ◽  
World War ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Internal Migrants ◽  
Refugee Problem

This chapter examines the work of the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) in the wake of World War II. Even before the United States officially entered the war, waves of refugees from the European conflict pushed the AFSC to act, and it established hostels to help the newcomers adjust to their new lives in America. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, AFSC activists found themselves faced with a second refugee problem—this time internal migrants as Japanese Americans incarcerated in American concentration camps looked to resettle in the Midwest and East. Again reflecting the AFSC's understanding of race as a multifaceted, global issue, its efforts to create hostels to help both European and Japanese American refugees reveal the continued evolution of Friendly ideas about race, ethnicity, and assimilation in the United States as Quakers increasingly responded to these wartime crises with less direct solutions aimed at overcoming job and housing discrimination.

scholarly journals Dilemmas of World-Wide Thinking: Popular Geographies and the Problem of Empire in Wendell Willkie's Search forOne World

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-319
Author(s):  
Samuel Zipp
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Empire ◽  
World War ◽  
Global Space ◽  
Imperial Power ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Popular Geographies

This essay explores the internationalist vision of Wendell Willkie during World War II, especially as illustrated in his 1943 bestseller,One World. Willkie proposed three mid-century popular geographies of the globe—ways of seeing the relationship between the United States and the world in the context of the expanding ambit of American power and influence. Willkie offered auniversalview of the planet, one that envisioned a new kind of global space free of borders; a depiction of imperial powercontested, which critiqued the racial thinking that underpinned conquest abroad and discrimination at home; and a view of imperial powerobscured, which left unmapped the actual contours of already existing American empire, a dilemma revealed by the omission of the Puerto Rico stop on his 1942 world tour fromOne World. Willkie's widely debated vision revealed the conflicted state of American opinion about U.S. empire during the war.

Economic Conditions and Ideologies of Crime in the Media: A Content Analysis of Crime News

1995 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Hickman Barlow ◽  
David E. Barlow ◽  
Theodore G. Chiricos
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Time Magazine ◽  
Media Portrayal ◽  
Crime News ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Relationship

This study explores the relationship between media portrayal of crime and conditions in the political economy. Based on a content analysis of articles about crime appearing in Time magazine during the post-World War II period, it is argued that news about crime is ideological, that is, it gives an inadequate and distorted picture of the contradictory reality of crime in the context of the capitalist political economy in the United States.

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