Analysis-By-Synthesis of Timbre, Timing, and Dynamics in Expressive Clarinet Performance

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Barthet ◽  
Philippe Depalle ◽  
Richard Kronland-Martinet ◽  
Søølvi Ystad
Keyword(s):  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Acoustical Parameters ◽  
Comparison Task ◽  
Spectral Centroid ◽  
Musical Preference ◽  
Clarinet Performance ◽  
Analysis By Synthesis ◽  
Synthesis Approach ◽  
Acoustical Energy

In a Previous Study, Mechanical and Expressive clarinet performances of Bach's Suite No. II and Mozart's Quintet for Clarinet and Strings were analyzed to determine whether some acoustical correlates of timbre (e.g., spectral centroid), timing (intertone onset interval), and dynamics (root mean square envelope) showed significant differences depending on the expressive intention of the performer. In the present companion study, we investigate the effects of these acoustical parameters on listeners' preferences. An analysis-by-synthesis approach was used to transform previously recorded clarinet performances by reducing the expressive deviations from the spectral centroid, the intertone onset interval and the acoustical energy. Twenty skilled musicians were asked to select which version they preferred in a paired comparison task. The results of statistical analyses showed that the removal of the spectral centroid variations resulted in the greatest loss of musical preference.

Acoustical Correlates of Timbre and Expressiveness in Clarinet Performance

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Barthet ◽  
Philippe Depalle ◽  
Richard Kronland-Martinet ◽  
Søølvi Ystad
Keyword(s):  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Spectral Centroid ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Musical Excerpts ◽  
Clarinet Performance ◽  
Recorded Performances ◽  
Attack Time

This study deals with the acoustical factors liable to account for expressiveness in clarinet performances. Mechanical and expressive performances of excerpts from Bach's Suite No. II and Mozart's Quintet for Clarinet and Strings were recorded. Timbre, timing, dynamics, and pitch descriptors were extracted from the recorded performances. The data were processed using a two-way analysis of variance, where the musician's expressive intentions and the note factors were defined as the independent variables. In both musical excerpts, a strong effect of the expressive intention was observed on the timbre (attack time, spectral centroid, odd/even ratio), timing (intertone onset intervals) and dynamics (root mean square envelope) descriptors. The changes in the timbre descriptors were found to depend on the position of the notes in the musical phrases. These results suggest that timbre, as well as timing and dynamics variations, may mediate expressiveness in the musical messages transmitted from performers to listeners.

scholarly journals Modelling of Amplitude Modulated Vocal Fry Glottal Area Waveforms Using an Analysis-by-Synthesis Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1990
Author(s):  
Vinod Devaraj ◽  
Philipp Aichinger
Keyword(s):  
Voice Quality ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Voice Disorder ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Svm Classifier ◽  
Power Spectral ◽  
Analysis By Synthesis ◽  
Simple Support ◽  
Frequency Modulations ◽  
Synthesis Approach

The characterization of voice quality is important for the diagnosis of a voice disorder. Vocal fry is a voice quality which is traditionally characterized by a low frequency and a long closed phase of the glottis. However, we also observed amplitude modulated vocal fry glottal area waveforms (GAWs) without long closed phases (positive group) which we modelled using an analysis-by-synthesis approach. Natural and synthetic GAWs are modelled. The negative group consists of euphonic, i.e., normophonic GAWs. The analysis-by-synthesis approach fits two modelled GAWs for each of the input GAW. One modelled GAW is modulated to replicate the amplitude and frequency modulations of the input GAW and the other modelled GAW is unmodulated. The modelling errors of the two modelled GAWs are determined to classify the GAWs into the positive and the negative groups using a simple support vector machine (SVM) classifier with a linear kernel. The modelling errors of all vocal fry GAWs obtained using the modulating model are smaller than the modelling errors obtained using the unmodulated model. Using the two modelling errors as predictors for classification, no false positives or false negatives are obtained. To further distinguish the subtypes of amplitude modulated vocal fry GAWs, the entropy of the modulator’s power spectral density and the modulator-to-carrier frequency ratio are obtained.

Time and Consistency as Measures of Psychological Distance

1972 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 635-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Gay Snodgrass ◽  
Ruth Kass
Keyword(s):  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Psychological Distance ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Single Stimulus ◽  
Paired Comparisons ◽  
Comparison Task ◽  
Stimulus Distance ◽  
Ideal Points ◽  
Decision Times ◽  
Study Stimulus

Decision times, consistency measures, and their relationships were used to study stimulus-stimulus and subject-stimulus distance for two types of responses—single stimulus and paired comparisons, and two types of tasks—preference and judged complexity. Two assumptions based on Coombs' (1964) theory of data—that decision time is inversely related to distance and that both stimulus and ideal points have variability—led to the following predictions: (1) stimulus ordering from paired comparison judgments will be predictable from the ordering of decision times in single stimulus judgments; (2) more intransitive triads will occur in paired comparison preference judgments than paired comparison complexity judgments; and (3) complexity judgments will exhibit greater concordance than preference judgments. All three predictions were supported by data. Of three latency transformations investigated, standardized reciprocal times showed the highest correlation with difference in ranks in the paired comparison task.

Subjective Analysis and Objective Evaluation of Vehicle Sound Quality

2013 ◽  
Vol 716 ◽  
pp. 674-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Yan Zuo ◽  
Shuai Li Zhou ◽  
Wen Feng Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Constant Velocity ◽  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Sound Quality ◽  
Comparison Method ◽  
Acoustical Parameters ◽  
Vehicle Interior ◽  
Subjective Analysis ◽  
Evaluation Test

The interior noise samples from four cars at different positions and different speeds were selected as the evaluation objects. The subjective evaluation test of sound quality preference was carried out with paired comparison method. Several objective psycho-acoustical parameters of these samples were calculated. By way of linear correlation and multi-dimensional regression analysis, an equation between the subjective evaluation of noise preference and the objective psycho-acoustical parameters was established. The results indicate that the vehicle interior sound quality preference under the good highway and the constant-velocity driving conditions is affected mainly by two psycho-acoustical parameters Loudness and Sharpness.

Some Vicissitudes of Chain P-Factor Analysis: Criterion of Meaningfulness

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 1005-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth I. Howard ◽  
James A. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
True Score ◽  
Monte Carlo Data ◽  
Comparison Task ◽  
The Real ◽  
A Chain ◽  
P Factor

In a Chain P-factor analysis the elimination of the between person variance reduces the contribution of “true score” variance to the true score-total score variance ratio based on the reduced scores. Factors which emerge in such an analysis may unduly reflect the influence of error variance and demand caution in their interpretation. An expanded criterion of meaningfulness was proposed which contrasted an obtained solution with a randomly generated solution under the null hypothesis that independent judges could not do better than chance in distinguishing the real factors from the random ones. A Chain P-analysis of real data gathered from 45 female patients, tested after each of 10 successive psychotherapy sessions, was contrasted with a parallel analysis of Monte-Carlo data. Four judges significantly discriminated the real factors from the random factors in a paired comparison task. The results strengthened the credibility of the Chain P-analysis and established the usefulness of an expanded criterion of meaningfulness.

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