Time and Consistency as Measures of Psychological Distance

1972 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 635-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Gay Snodgrass ◽  
Ruth Kass
Keyword(s):  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Psychological Distance ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Single Stimulus ◽  
Paired Comparisons ◽  
Comparison Task ◽  
Stimulus Distance ◽  
Ideal Points ◽  
Decision Times ◽  
Study Stimulus

Decision times, consistency measures, and their relationships were used to study stimulus-stimulus and subject-stimulus distance for two types of responses—single stimulus and paired comparisons, and two types of tasks—preference and judged complexity. Two assumptions based on Coombs' (1964) theory of data—that decision time is inversely related to distance and that both stimulus and ideal points have variability—led to the following predictions: (1) stimulus ordering from paired comparison judgments will be predictable from the ordering of decision times in single stimulus judgments; (2) more intransitive triads will occur in paired comparison preference judgments than paired comparison complexity judgments; and (3) complexity judgments will exhibit greater concordance than preference judgments. All three predictions were supported by data. Of three latency transformations investigated, standardized reciprocal times showed the highest correlation with difference in ranks in the paired comparison task.

Category Accessibility, Ratings of Prototypicality, and Perceptions of Managerial Role Attributes

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce J. Avolio ◽  
Karl Galen Kroeck ◽  
Barry R. Nathan
Keyword(s):  
Women Students ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Performance Information ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
University Employees ◽  
Managerial Role ◽  
Female Managers ◽  
Decision Times ◽  
Differential Access

The hypothesis that people have differential access (as measured by decision-processing time) to descriptive categories of what is applicable to male and female managers, who were effective or ineffective, was tested. A list of adjectives was presented sequentially on a CRT screen to 96 participants (48 men and 48 women, students and university employees), who evaluated each item as to “how characteristic” or “how uncharacteristic” the adjective was in describing a male or female effective (ineffective) manager. “How characteristic,” or rated prototypicality and decision-time were dependent measures. Analysis indicated that sex of target had little influence on either rated prototypicality or decision times when performance information was presented. Differences in correlations between decision times and prototypicality ratings varied primarily with the manipulation of effectiveness.

scholarly journals Speed, Accuracy, and the Optimal Timing of Choices

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (12) ◽  
pp. 3651-3684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drew Fudenberg ◽  
Philipp Strack ◽  
Tomasz Strzalecki
Keyword(s):  
Sequential Sampling ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Drift Diffusion Model ◽  
Drift Diffusion ◽  
Prior Beliefs ◽  
Constant Cost ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Decision Times ◽  
Choice Probabilities

We model the joint distribution of choice probabilities and decision times in binary decisions as the solution to a problem of optimal sequential sampling, where the agent is uncertain of the utility of each action and pays a constant cost per unit time for gathering information. We show that choices are more likely to be correct when the agent chooses to decide quickly, provided the agent’s prior beliefs are correct. This better matches the observed correlation between decision time and choice probability than does the classical drift-diffusion model (DDM), where the agent knows the utility difference between the choices. (JEL C41, D11, D12, D83)

The Limits of Defaults: The Influence of Decision Time on Default Effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 543-569
Author(s):  
Benjamin X. White ◽  
Duo Jiang ◽  
Dolores Albarracín
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Contextual Factor ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Health Finance ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Decision Times

The stability of default effects to contextual features is critical to their use in policy. In this paper, decision time was investigated as a contextual factor that may pose limits on the efficacy of defaults. Consistent with the hypothesis that time constraints may increase reliance on contextual cues, four experiments, including a preregistered one of a nationally representative sample, and a meta-analysis that included four additional pilot experiments, indicated that short decision times increased the advantage of action defaults (i.e., the default option automatically endorsed the desired behavior) and that the default advantage was trivial or nonexistent when decision times were longer. These effects replicated for naturalistic as well as externally induced decision times and were present even when participants were unaware that time was limited. This research has critical implications for psychological science and allied disciplines concerned with policy in the domains of public health, finance and economics, marketing, and environmental sciences.

scholarly journals Measuring portfolio salience using the Bradley–Terry model: An illustration with data from Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 205316801983208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar Zucco ◽  
Mariana Batista ◽  
Timothy J. Power
Keyword(s):  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
Paired Comparisons ◽  
Difficult Case ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Budget Policy ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Proportionality Rule ◽  
Comparison Data

How do political actors value different portfolios? We propose a new approach to measuring portfolio salience by analysing paired comparisons using the Bradley–Terry model. Paired-comparison data are easy to collect using surveys that are user-friendly, rapid, and inexpensive. We implement the approach with serving legislators in Brazil, a particularly difficult case to assess portfolio salience due to the large number of cabinet positions. Our estimates of portfolio values are robust to variations in implementation of the method. Legislators and academics have broadly similar views of the relative worth of cabinet posts. Respondent valuations of portfolios deviate considerably from what would be predicted by objective measures such as budget, policy influence, and opportunities for patronage. Substantively, we show that portfolio salience varies greatly and affects the calculation of formateur advantage and coalescence/proportionality rule measures.

Measurement of Discrimination Ability in Taste Tests: An Empirical Investigation

1987 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Buchanan ◽  
Moshe Givon ◽  
Arieh Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Preference Ranking ◽  
Paired Comparisons ◽  
Product Testing ◽  
Discrimination Ability ◽  
Comparison Test ◽  
Discrimination Testing

For purposes of product testing, several tasks have been used to measure subjects’ discrimination ability (i.e., their ability to distinguish between two slightly different product formulations). Three of the more common tasks are repeat paired comparisons, triangle tests, and preference rankings. In this empirical study, the properties of these three tasks are compared. The repeat paired comparison test is found to be the most sensitive discrimination task, in that subjects demonstrate the greatest ability in distinguishing between formulations, and preference ranking is the least sensitive. The finding that discrimination ability measured by triangle tests is significantly correlated with that measured by paired comparisons lends support to the validity of consistent preference discrimination testing.

scholarly journals Similarity and decision time in preferential choice

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 1276-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudeep Bhatia ◽  
Timothy L Mullett
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Contextual Variable ◽  
Preferential Choice ◽  
Decision Variables ◽  
Multiattribute Choice ◽  
Binary Choices ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Choice Option ◽  
Decision Times

Choice option similarity is a key contextual variable in multiattribute choice. Based on theories of preference accumulation, we predicted that decision times would be longer when the available choice options were similar compared with when they were dissimilar, controlling for the relative desirabilities of the options. We tested for the relationship between similarity and decision time in an experiment involving incentivised binary choices between items of equivalent desirability and found that our predictions were confirmed. Our results show how the effects of contextual factors on key decision variables can be accurately predicted by existing computational theories of decision-making.

Systematic Paired Comparisons in Preference Analysis

1965 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph L. Day
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Ice Cream ◽  
Paired Comparisons ◽  
Preference Analysis ◽  
Meaningful Information ◽  
Systematic Pattern ◽  
Different Levels

Product tests can yield meaningful information about consumer preferences only when carefully planned and analyzed. This article presents an approach to preference analysis which seeks to reduce some of the difficulties in interpreting the results of product tests. The preference distribution concept is utilized as the organizing framework for a systematic pattern of paired comparison tests using product samples containing different levels of a particular attribute. The usefulness of the method is illustrated by a study of preferences for chocolate ice cream.

Using Paired Comparisons to Assess Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

1987 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 492-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa L. Strong ◽  
Martin S. Fiebert
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Multiple Comparisons ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Paired Comparisons ◽  
Hierarchy Of Needs ◽  
Motivational Theory ◽  
Maslow's Hierarchy Of Needs ◽  
The Mean

Based on Maslow's motivational theory, a self-report inventory utilizing a modified paired-comparison format was developed to assess need potencies within individuals. This method permits both multiple comparisons of items from each need level with each other and an assessment of the intensity levels of each item. 59 individuals participated in the study. The construct validity of the inventory was evaluated by examining the consistency of items designed to measure the same need. Correlations ranged between .52 and .65. The mean potencies of each need level were determined; an analysis of variance showed differences to be significant in the predicted direction.

Comparison of Operant-Rate and Paired-Comparison Methods of Measuring Reinforcer Preferences in Monkeys

1966 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Robert Treichler ◽  
Barbara Hann ◽  
Susan L. Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Paired Comparison ◽  
The Other ◽  
Paired Comparisons ◽  
Comparison Methods

Five rhesus monkeys were tested under two methods of meassuring reinforcer preference, one a paired-comparison and the other an operant-rate technique. Most animals failed to learn the discriminations necessary for paired-comparisons but showed significant and reliable differences in preference for the commodities evaluated by the operant-rate technique. It was concluded that either method, when appropriately designed, may yield useful results.

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