THE USE OF HAEMAGGLUTINATION INHIBITION REACTION FOR QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATIONS OF HCG IN NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL PREGNANCIES

1964 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mats G. Carlsson
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Immunological Activity ◽  
Commercial Preparation ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Urine Extract ◽  
Inhibition Reaction ◽  
Inhibition Technique

ABSTRACT A commercial preparation of HCG has been shown to contain 5 nonspecific antigenic substances which can give rise to antibodies in rabbits. A method for blocking the non-specific antibodies with male urine extract is described. The purified antiserum has been used for the assay of the immunological HCG-activity in 920 specimens of human urine with the haemagglutination inhibition technique. One doubtful negative reaction was found in 570 cases of pregnant women. No »false postive« reaction was found in 133 urines from healthy non pregnant women and 5 »false postive« reactions in urines from 115 women with gynaecological diseases. 100 urines from males were negative. The level of immunological activity in urine obtained with this method was lower throughout pregnancy when compared to Wide's results (1962). In cases of threatened or complete abortion and toxaemia of pregnancy, immunological activity of the urine seemed to correspond to the viability of the foetus.

THE IMMUNOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN IN URINE

1964 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 632-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Hobson ◽  
Leif Wide
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Hydatidiform Mole ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Immunological Activity ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Inhibition Reaction ◽  
Rat Seminal Vesicle

ABSTRACT When assayed against the International Standard for HCG the biological activity, as measured by the rat seminal vesicle method, of urines from women collected during the second half of pregnancy is lower than the immunological activity (haemagglutination inhibition reaction). Almost 100 % of the immunological and biological HCG activities were recovered from the acetone precipitates of such urines. A kaolin extract of these urines produced a partial separation of the immunological activity. About half of the immunological activity and almost all of the biological activity was recovered in the concentrate. In the supernatant, left after kaolin extraction, an immunologically active biologically inactive »HCG« was found. A urine from a woman with a hydatidiform mole was assayed by both methods. The biological and immunological activities of this urine were almost unity and the ratio of the 2 activities remained unaltered in the acetone precipitate and the kaolin concentrate made from an aliquot of this urine. The kaolin supernatant contained equal and measurable amounts of the biological and immunological activities. In conclusion the method used to concentrate the urine of pregnant women will affect the ratio between the biological activity and the immunological HCG activity.

AN IMMUNOLOGICAL PREGNANCY TEST

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXV (II) ◽  
pp. 261-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leif Wide ◽  
Carl A. Gemzell
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Menstrual Period ◽  
Pregnancy Test ◽  
Immunological Method ◽  
Inhibition Reaction

ABSTRACT An immunological method for the assay of chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) in human urine has been described in detail. The method is useful as a simple and rapid pregnancy test and can be applied for quantitative determinations of HCG in urine. Morning urine from 306 women were examined; 212 were found to be pregnant by the haemagglutination inhibition reaction and the pregnancy was confirmed by ordinary pregnancy tests; 94 women were not pregnant and the urine of these women gave in no case a haemagglutination inhibition reaction. Quantitative determinations of HCG were performed in the urine of 103 women in early pregnancy. The urinary excretion of HCG increased following the missed menstrual period and reached in the 8th week of pregnancy a level of about 160.000 IU of HCG per liter of urine.

ALDOSTERONE STIMULATION IN VITRO

1965 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürg Müller
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Incubation Medium ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Urine Extract ◽  
Similar Dose ◽  
Aldosterone Production

ABSTRACT An extract of human urine, which was previously shown to stimulate aldosterone production by rat adrenal sections, was further purified. Evidence was obtained that its aldosterone-stimulating effect was due to the presence of ammonium ions. Addition of ammonium chloride and of urine extract to the incubation medium caused identical increases in aldosterone production in vitro. In addition to ammonium ions, rubidium and caesium ions also stimulated aldosterone production up to 250% that of control values without a significant effect on corticosterone production. Similar dose-response curves were obtained when increasing concentrations of potassium, ammonium, rubidium and caesium ions were tested. Aldosterone production was maximal at concentrations of 7 mval/1 and was significantly lower at higher concentrations. When ammonium chloride and ACTH were simultaneously added to the incubation medium, the production of aldosterone and of corticosterone was lower than with ACTH alone. On the other hand, the stimulating activity on aldosterone and corticosterone production by »TPN« (NADP) and glucose-6-phosphate was enhanced by the simultaneous addition of ammonium chloride.

scholarly journals Acceptability of single screening and treatment policy for the control of malaria in pregnancy: perceptions of providers and pregnant women from selected health facilities in Lindi region, Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chonge Kitojo ◽  
Frank Chacky ◽  
Emmanuel S. Kigadye ◽  
Joseph P. Mugasa ◽  
Abdallah Lusasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Malaria In Pregnancy ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Experienced Pain ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract Background Tanzania started implementing single screening and treatment (SST) for all pregnant women attending their first antenatal care (ANC) visits in 2014, using malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and treating those who test positive according to the national guidelines. However, there is a paucity of data to show the acceptability of SST to both pregnant women and health care workers (HCWs), taking into consideration the shortage of workers and the added burden of this policy to the health system. This study assessed the perceptions and opinions of health service users and providers to determine the acceptability of SST policy. Methods Pregnant women and HCWs in eight health facilities in two districts of Lindi region (Kilwa and Lindi) were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires with open and close-ended questions. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected, including demographic characteristics, women’s experience, their perception on SST and challenges they face when receiving services for malaria offered at ANC. Experience of HCWs regarding the implementation of SST as part of routine services and the challenges encountered when providing ANC services for malaria in pregnancy (MIP) were also assessed. Results Of the 143 pregnant women interviewed, 97% viewed testing favourably and would wish to be tested for malaria again, while 95% were satisfied with services and reasons for testing during the first ANC visit. Nearly all (99%) would recommend their fellow pregnant women to be tested for malaria and all women recommended that the Ministry of Health should continue the SST strategy. This was despite the fact that 76% of the women experienced pain and 16% had anxiety as a result of finger prick. Sixteen HCWs (mostly nurses) were interviewed; they also viewed SST implementation favourably and reported feeling empowered to use RDTs for malaria screening. The main challenge identified by HCWs was that nurses are not allowed to prescribe anti-malarials to women who test positive and need to refer them to the outpatient department for treatment. Conclusion SST was considered an acceptable approach to control MIP by HCWs and pregnant women, and they recommended the continuation of the policy. In addition, consideration should be given to implementing a task-shifting policy to allow nurses to dispense anti-malarials to pregnant women.

scholarly journals LABORATE TEST FOR FE LEVELS IN KELAKAI BISCUITS

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-80
Author(s):  
Febby Siharina ◽  
Fitri Yuliana ◽  
Agustinus Hermino S. Putra
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Quantitative Test

As one of the causes of anemia, iron deficiency must be overcome immediately, one of which is by finding taste-friendly food sources that can be consumed easily by anyone who is prone to anemia. This research was conducted in laboratory to determine the levels of iron in Kelakai biscuits which are assumed to be a source of food to treat anemia in adolescent girls or pregnant women. Qualitative and quantitative test were used to obtain the desired results. Based on the research results, it was found that each Kelakai biscuit contained an Fe level of 245 mg/g, which means that the formulation of the Kelakai biscuit could meet the daily needs of iron when consumed 3-4 chips per day based on the absorption of Fe in adults. Therefore, to further prove the effectiveness of these biscuits in preventing anemia, studies involving samples, either small or large scale, are highly recommended.

scholarly journals Support, Access and Antenatal Care to Women with a history of Preeclampsia in Pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Evi Diliana Rospia ◽  
Andari Wuri Astuti ◽  
Retno Mawarti
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Maternal Death ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Need Support ◽  
History Of ◽  
In Pregnancy

Preeclampsia and eclampsia are the second direct cause of maternal death worldwide, estimated to complicate 2-8% of all pregnancies, the global prevalence of preeclampsia is around 4.6%. The purpose of this scoping review is to provide an overview of studies related to antenatal support, access and services to mothers with a history of preeclampsia in pregnancy. The authors identify studies that explain preeclampsia in pregnancy from several databases namely PubMed, ProQuest, EBSCO and Springer Link. Searches are limited to studies published in English and present data for the 2009-2019 period. The identified study was reviewed using PRISMA Flowchart. Studies with qualitative and quantitative designs that explore the experiences of pregnant women regarding antenatal support, access and services were selected for review, while studies that were not experience related to antenatal support, access and services to mothers with a history of preeclampsia in pregnancy were excluded. A total of twelve articles were reviewed which obtained three sub-themes of support, namely the support of husband, family and health workers, from the theme of access obtained three sub-themes namely information search, modification programs and the availability of health workers. From the theme of antenatal care, four sub-themes are found, namely unsustainable care, lack of information, screening and feeling empowered. Pregnant women with preeclampsia need support from a partner or family and health workers. Information and screening need to be improved in antenatal care.

THE ROLE OF MELATONIN IN THE REGULATION OF THYROTROPHIN SECRETION

1968 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Panda ◽  
C. W. Turner ◽  
Mary Powell
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Regulatory Effect ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Tsh Secretion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Inhibition Technique

ABSTRACT The fact that melatonin, a pineal substance, causes a depression in thyroid function of prepuberal rats has been reported. A possible site of this action on the thyroid gland has been studied by estimating the TSH content of blood and hypophysis in rats from 35 days to 65 days of age. Haemagglutination-inhibition technique has been used to assay very small amounts of TSH in plasma. Rats receiving 100 μg of melatonin daily for 10 days were sacrificed at 35, 45, 55 and 65 days of age. The mean thyroid weight of each group was markedly higher than that of the corresponding controls. The plasma TSH/ml level was higher in experimental groups, with a marked decrease (0.10 > P > 0.05) in TSH/mg of hypophysis (wet), especially at 45 and 55 days of age. Rats similarly treated with 400 μg/100 g body weight of tapazole daily for 10 days and sacrificed at 45 and 55 days of age showed higher plasma and lower hypophyseal TSH levels than the controls and the results were comparable to those of the melatonin treated groups. The dry-fat-free tissue of the thyroid glands of the melatonin treated groups were higher than the corresponding controls and their DNA content was significantly higher (0.050 > P > 0.025) also, indicating hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the thyroid glands resulting from the action of melatonin. The histological picture of the melatonin treated animals showed goitrogenic effect. It may be concluded from these data that melatonin exerts its regulatory effect on TSH secretion directly acting on the thyroid gland and in some way inhibiting thyroid hormone synthesis or release.

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