AbstractBody size is a tightly regulated phenotype in metazoans that is dependent on both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. While signaling pathways such as insulin, Hippo, and myostatin are known to control organ and body size, the downstream effectors that mediate their effects are still poorly understood. In the nematode C. elegans, a Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP)-related signaling pathway is the major regulator of growth and body size. DBL-1, the BMP-related ligand, is secreted by neurons and body wall muscle, and acts as a dose-dependent regulator of body size. We investigated the transcriptional network through which the DBL-1/BMP pathway regulates body size and identified cuticle collagen genes as major effectors of growth control. Here we demonstrate that cuticle collagen genes can act as positive regulators (col-41), dose-sensitive regulators (rol-6), and negative regulators (col-141, col-142) of body size. Moreover, we show requirement of DBL-1/BMP signaling for stage-specific expression of cuticle collagen genes. We used chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high throughput sequencing (ChIP-Seq) and electrophoretic mobility shift assays to show that the Smad signal transducers directly associate with conserved Smad binding elements in regulatory regions of col-141 and col-142, but not of col-41. Hence, cuticle collagen genes are directly and indirectly regulated via the DBL-1/BMP pathway. These results provide the first direct regulatory link between this conserved signaling pathway and the collagen genes that act as its downstream effectors in body size regulation. Since collagen mutations and misregulation are implicated in numerous human genetic disorders and injury sequelae, understanding how collagen gene expression is regulated has broad implications.Author SummaryBody size in humans and other animals is determined by the combined influence of genetic and environmental factors. Failure to regulate growth and body size appropriately can lead to a variety of functional impairments and reduced fitness. Progress has been made in identifying genetic determinants of body size, but these have not often been connected into functional pathways. In the nematode model Caenorhabditis elegans, single gene mutations in the BMP signaling pathway have profound effects on body size. Here we have elucidated the BMP transcriptional network and identified cuticle collagen genes as downstream effectors of body size regulation through the BMP pathway. Collagens play diverse roles in biology; mutations are often associated with rare heritable diseases such as osteogenesis imperfecta and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Our work thus connects a conserved signaling pathway with its critical downstream effectors, advancing insight into how body size is specified.
BMP Signaling Determines Body Size via Transcriptional Regulation of Collagen Genes inCaenorhabditis elegans
